فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

22 февраля 2024 14:00

Bullous Pemphigoid
BP is the most common type of autoimmune bullous disorder, and it occurs most frequently in the elderly. Clinically, BP patients present with urticarial lesions and tense blisters on the trunk and extremities, with associated pruritus. Mucosal involvement is uncommon and is reported in 10% to 30% of BP patients (Baum et al., 2014). The Nikolsky sign is negative in BP. In BP, autoantibodies target the two hemidesmosomal proteins: bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAg1 [BP230]) and bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BPAg2 [BP180]). BPAg2, also known as type XVII collagen, is a transmembrane protein that is determined to be the target autoantigen for pathogenic autoantibodies in BP (Vassileva et al., 2014). In it is unclear if autoantibodies to BPAg1, a cytoplasmic plakin family protein, relate to the pathogenesis of BP (Schmidt & Zillikens, 2010). Complement activation is believed to follow autoantibody binding, causing the physical loss of adhesion between the basal cell layer and the basement membrane (Kershenovich ذet al., 2014).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

22 февраля 2024 13:52

53 : در صفحه 1037 از کتاب تکس 2022 داریم :
AUTOANTIBODY PROFILE IN SLE
The presence of a broad spectrum of autoantibodies is characteristic of SLE, such as antibodies to dsDNA, chromatin or nucleosomes, Sm antigen, U1nRNP, SS-A/Ro60, SS-B/La, C1q, ribosomal RNP, phospholipids and related proteins, and several other nonhistone protein or nonhistone protein-RNA complexes (Gomez-Puerta et al., 2008; Cervera, 2017; Pisetsky, 2017; Sarfaraz et al., 2018). Anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-C1q, and antiribosomal P are generally regarded as specific for SLE, but the prevalence of these autoantibodies varies widely depending on demographic variations, cohort composition (inception vs. cross sectional), and diagnostic assays used to detect the autoantibodies. Autoantibodies to dsDNA and chromatin are detectable in up to 90% of individuals with active disease (Mummert et al., 2018), and antibodies to C1q tend to segregate with SLE patients having glomerulonephritis
and active disease (Marto et al., 2005; Sinico et al., 2009) (Table
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 февраля 2024 20:04

برای دیدن سوال و پاسخ تشریحی سوالات از ابتدا روی پین کانال بزنید .

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 февраля 2024 17:51

سوال 49 :
TABLE 47.4
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 февраля 2024 17:34

47 . در صفحه 942 میخوانیم :
STAGES OF STUDY: THE CONFIRMING STAGE
General Aspects Once the screening of the individual has been achieved and evidence of a potential immunodeficiency has been observed, initial findings should be confirmed by repeated tests. Minimally, a positive and a negative (normal range and abnormal range) test should be carried out. Additional tests sometimes may be added to the panel; this may provide the beginning phase of analytic studies. It is important to make appropriate arrangements to draw blood when the patient is in the most clinically stable state. Double baseline studies are recommended before intervention is undertaken, which can encompass the confirming phase. In some cases of apparent immunodeficiency, sequestration of immune cells is reflected in low percentages of T lymphocytes in the peripheral compartment. The confirmation stage should also include a careful reevaluation of the patient’s medical history and family history. Studies that may be used at this confirming stage are shown in Box 46.3.
و 942 :
Skin Testing
The use of a skin test panel can be important at this point. This approach to cellular immune assessment originally served as the departure point for the development of the cellular immune functional tests because it measures delayed-type hypersensitivity directly in vivo. Experience with the delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test has shown good overall correlation between lack of reactivity, termed anergy, and immunodeficiency (Deodhar, 1983; Maas et al., 1998), but it has not been useful as an analytic tool to dissect out the reason for lack of response. In addition, the skin test is not very quantifiable. Use of the purified protein derivative skin test to assess the possible presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an exception, although anergic individuals do not respond. In addition, false positives are seen in persons who have been vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Guérin (Huebner et al., 1993). The relative effectiveness of a standardized Candida albicans skin test product in children has been reported (Ohri et al., 2004). Reasons for lack of skin test response are shown in Box 46.4. Some studies have been based on a de novo immunization skin test using dinitrofluorobenzene. Although this once was used rather extensively, the approach is no longer considered useful because of ambiguities in the underlying mechanism of reaction. The introduction of the “skin window” test may ultimately provide a more quantitative and informative measure of in vivo immune response because the reaction can be used to test autologous tumor response (Black et al., 1988). However, despite some reservations, the importance of the skin test as a convincing demonstration that immune defects noted in vitro may have prognostic significance in vivo should not be underestimated.

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

14 февраля 2024 20:23

🎓برای شرکت درآزمون لیسانس به پزشکی وتهیه جزوات و اطلاع از منابع درکانال زیر عضو شوید👇👇🌺🌺
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 февраля 2024 18:35

در صفحه 1342 میخوانیم :

The diagnosis is suggested on the basis of clinical presentation and history plus the use of radiography, CT scans, and ultrasonography. Serologic tests are very useful in confirming a diagnosis and usually involve a screening test such as EIA or IHA followed, if positive, by a confirmatory assay such as immunoblot or gel diffusion
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 февраля 2024 17:59

در صفحه 1330 از کتاب تکس هنری 2022 داریم :
immediately to the clinical team (Sheorey et al., 2019).
Examination of duodenal aspirates or ▶️ string test specimens may be helpful in suspicious cases in which routine stool examinations are nonproductive, although they are not commonly used. The agar culture method (see Fig. 65.3) or one of the coproculture techniques (see the Laboratory Methods section earlier in the chapter) may also demonstrate the infection and provide highest sensitivity for detection of S. stercoralis from fecal specimens (Ash & Orihel, 2007; Garcia, 2016). Serologic tests are useful when infection is suspected but cannot be demonstrated by other methods; they are also useful for detecting evidence of prior infection. EIA and other tests display good sensitivity and specificity, although cross-reactions may appear with filariasis and some other nematode infections. These tests generally do not differentiate between past and current infection but may be useful in monitoring therapy (Wilkins & Nutman, 2015).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 февраля 2024 17:50

در صفحه 1338 بخش انگل شناسی هنری 2022 میخوانیم :
Schistosoma intercalatum and S. guineensis
These species occur in parts of central and western Africa and produce intestinal schistosomiasis. Schistosoma guineensis (formerly the “Lower Guinea strain” of S. intercalatum) occurs generally in central and western Africa while S. intercalatum proper (formerly the Zaire strain) is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Eggs have a ▶️terminal spine, resembling those of S. haematobium, but they occur primarily in the feces and are larger (140–240 μm by 50–85 μm) (Webster et al., 2006).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 февраля 2024 11:32

در صفحه 1328 از کتاب تکس هنری 2022 داریم :
Although adult hookworms can be differentiated on the basis of their mouthparts and the copulatory bursa in males, eggs of human hookworms are indistinguishable. In direct wet mounts, egg counts of fewer than five eggs per coverslip denote light infection that is unlikely to result in anemia, whereas more than 25 eggs per coverslip denotes heavy infection that is likely to be associated with symptoms.

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 февраля 2024 11:25

پاسخ سوال 37 : در صفحه 1309 از کتاب تکس هنری 2022 داریم
.. . Babesia parasites multiply in erythrocytes by binary fission, producing morphologically indistinguishable trophozoites and gametes. Although trophozoites of many species may be highly variable in size and shape, those of B. microti usually appear as delicate ring forms that may be easily confused with those of malarial parasites, especially P. falciparum (see Fig. 65.6C) (Westblade et al., 2017). Babesia can be differentiated from those of malarial parasites by1️⃣ the presence of a tetrad (Maltese cross) formation of the merozoites and the absence of large ameboid trophozoites and morphologically distinguishable gametocytes; extracellular forms may be seen in heavy infections. Also, Babesia species usually have a heterogeneous appearance with round, oval, spindled, and “racket” forms coexisting on the same peripheral blood smear. Finally, Babesia-infected 2️⃣ cells lack hemozoin pigment, which is present in Plasmodium-infected cells. History of residence in or travel to endemic areas, or of a recent tick bite, might suggest Babesia infection. NAATs for Babesia species are available from the CDC on referral from state health departments and from some commercial laboratories. Serologic tests (e.g., IFA) may also be available but are generally not useful for detection of acute disease. However, they may be useful for screening blood donors in endemic settings. Serology tests for malaria are negative in babesiosis, although patients with malaria may cross-react in the Babesia serologies
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

08 февраля 2024 13:17

در صفحه 1325 تکس هنری 2022 داریم :
Sarcocystis spp.
Sarcocystis spp. are two-host coccidians in which the sexual phase develops in the intestinal mucosa of carnivorous animals and the asexual, extraintestinal phase occurs in the muscles and tissues of various intermediate hosts. Humans may serve as definitive or intermediate hosts depending on the species of Sarcocystis. Intestinal infection with Sarcocystis hominis and Sarcocystis suihominis is acquired by the ingestion of raw or incompletely
cooked beef or pork, respectively, which contains tissue cysts (sarcocysts). Infection usually is asymptomatic, but occasional patients have transient Figure 65.13—cont’d G, Oocyst of C. cayetanensis demonstrating autofluorescence (400×). H, Oocyst of C. belli demonstrating autofluorescence (400×). I, Oocyst of Sarcocystis spp. demonstrating autofluorescence. Note that sporocysts glow but the oocyst wall does not (400×). (G-I courtesy of Henry S. Bishop, DPDx Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.) diarrhea, abdominal pain, or anorexia. Intestinal infection is self-limited because asexual multiplication occurs in the intermediate host and is not repeated in the definitive host. Treatment is not routinely recommended (Drugs for Parasitic Infections, 2013). The diagnosis of intestinal infection is established by detection of sporulated 25 × 33 μm oocysts in stool; detection can be enhanced by using IV autofluorescence (Fig. 65.13I). Each mature oocyst contains two sporocysts, each of which contains four sporozoites. The oocyst wall is thin and often is not detectable, or has already ruptured, releasing the two sporocysts. These forms, best seen in wet mounts, appear larger than oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Trichrome stains are of little value in detecting these parasites. Humans also may serve as intermediate hosts for several unnamed animal species of Sarcocystis, in which cysts are found in skeletal and cardiac muscles (Fayer et al., 2015).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

08 февраля 2024 13:10

پاسخ این سوال در صفحه 1301 تکس هنری 2022 است : TABLE 65.6
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

08 февраля 2024 13:00

در صفحه 1315 تکس هنر 2022 میخوانیم :
INTESTINAL AMEBAE
Three genera of amebae inhabit the intestinal tract of humans: Entamoeba, Endolimax, and Iodamoeba. Cysts are ingested and excyst in the small intestine. Resulting trophozoites proliferate by binary fission in the lumen of the colon. Both cysts and trophozoites may be passed in feces, but only mature cysts are infective. Entamoeba histolytica is the only ameba in which the trophozoites can invade tissues and cause clinical disease. The genus Entamoeba, characterized by the presence of chromatin on the nuclear membrane, includes E. histolytica, the etiologic agent of amebiasis; E. dispar, a nonpathogenic species morphologically identical to E. histolytica; E. hartmanni and E. coli, two commensal species; and Entamoeba polecki, which is occasionally found in people who have contact with pigs or primates (Fig. 65.10) (Ash & Orihel, 2007). More recently, E. moshkovskii and E. bangladeshi have also been identified in human stool specimens and are morphologically indistinguishable from E. histolytica. Their potential pathogenicity is unknown at this writing. Entamoeba gingivalis, which does not have a known cyst stage, inhabits the oral cavity of people with poor oral hygiene (Ash & Orihel, 2007). Entamoeba polecki (Fig. 65.10F), E. moshkovskii, E. bangladeshi, and E. gingivalis are seen infrequently and are not described further. Endolimax nana and I. buetschlii are nonpathogenic species. Dientamoeba fragilis is recognized as a flagellate, although it lacks external flagella, and is discussed with the flagellates in the text but may be found with amebae in tables and figures because it is morphologically similar to them (Garcia, 2016).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

05 февраля 2024 12:10

پاسخ سوال 30 : تک تک گزینه ها در متن علامت گذاری شده است :
صفحه 90 تکس هنری 2022 :
ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
OF RESULTS
CRITICAL VALUES
4️⃣ critical value (also known as a panic value) is a laboratory result that may represent a life-threatening situation that may not otherwise be readily detectable. It must be reported immediately to a health care provider who can provide necessary medical interventions. Federal law, regulatory agencies, and The Joint Commission require rapid communication of such results; it is one of the most common, recurring Joint Commission Laboratory National Patient Safety Goals (The Joint Commission, 2019). To be sure that results are correctly communicated, regulations require the health care provider to read back the critical value and the patient name. The laboratory then has to document the event, including the name and title of the caregiver who is notified, the time and date of notification, and the read-back by the care provider.1️⃣ No universally accepted guidelines indicate which assays should have critical values, what the thresholds should be, whether critical values should be repeated before reporting, and what is an acceptable time from result availability to caregiver notification. Although it is generally established that 3️⃣critical values must be called in to a caregiver who has the ability to act on the information,2️⃣ there is no universal agreement regarding the types of caregivers (e.g., physician assistant, registered nurse) who fulfill this definition. This has caused significant variation in procedures related to critical values at different institutions. It is ultimately the responsibility of the medical director of the laboratory to work with clinical colleagues to develop a critical values policy that meets the needs of patients and staff served by the laboratory.

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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

22 февраля 2024 13:56

٥٤- در خانمی‌ مسن‌ با ضایعات تاولی‌ که‌ تعداد و عملکرد لکوسیت‌های‌ او نرمال بوده و حساسیت‌ به‌ گلوتن‌ نـدارد، علامـت‌_ Nikolskyمنفی‌ است‌. در گزارش هیستوپاتولوژیک‌ ضایعات پوست‌، به‌ جدا شدن غشای‌ پایه‌ از لایه‌ی‌ سلولهای‌ بازال اپی‌تلیوم اشاره شده است‌. در بررسی‌ های‌ ایمونولوژیک‌، بالا بودن تیتر آنتی‌بادی‌ علیـه‌ کـلاژن XVII و منفـی‌ بـودن آنتی‌بادی‌ علیه‌ Dsg1 و Dsg3 و لامینین‌ ملاحظه‌ شده است‌. کدام تشخیص‌ در مورد او محتمل‌تر است‌؟ (گزینه ها در ادامه) 👇

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

19 февраля 2024 17:33

۵۱‌
THE MANNAN-BINDING
LECTIN PATHWAY
The third pathway for complement activation is the mannose-binding lectin or mannose-binding protein, known as the MBL pathway. This pathway uses its namesake protein to activate the cascade; the binding lectin has a typical serum concentration of 1.5 μg/mL. It is produced by the liver and belongs to a group of molecules called collectins (Epstein et al., 1996; Turner, 1996). Other notable members of the collectin family include lung surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D), bovine conglutinin, bovine CL-43, and ficolins (Epstein et al., 1996; Thiel, 2007). Lectins are found in a variety of organisms, including all mammals and some birds. MBL and ficolins are described as complement-activating soluble pattern recognition molecules, meaning that they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the exterior of microbes. After they bind with their specified PAMPs, they undergo a structural change so that they canthen interact with a group of three associated proteins that will trigger the complement cascade. These proteins are the MBL-associated serine proteases (MASP-1, MASP-2, MASP-3) (Thiel, 2007).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 февраля 2024 18:16

۵۰. در صفحه 960 داریم :
Polyclonal Immunoglobulins
Polyclonal increases in immunoglobulins have been associated with many disease states (Table 47.6) (Cushman & Grieco, 1973; Buckley, 1977). Serum protein electrophoresis is often sufficient to establish this condition. Immunoelectrophoresis, immunofixation, and determination of individual immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin light chains may be helpful at times to confirm a polyclonal distribution or an increased concentration in one or more immunoglobulin classes. Increases in serum immunoglobulins may result from decreased catabolism and increased synthesis. The control mechanisms for these events are not well understood. The implications of elevated immunoglobulins are unknown. Most immunoglobulins appear not to be directed toward a definable specific antigenic determinant or set of specific antigenic determin nts. It should also be noted that most autoantibodies are not monoclonal but rather are polyclonal. In general, persistent polyclonal increases in gammaglobulin are thought to be related to antigenic stimulation of a chronic nature or loss of immunoglobulin regulation.

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پاسخ تشریحی آزمون ۴۰۲ ورودی فلوشیپ علوم آزمایشگاهی

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 февраля 2024 17:46

48 در صفحه 945 از کتاب تکس داریم:
Transfused 51Cr-labeled cells, especially red blood cells, have been used since the early 1950s to study cellular in vivo distribution and kinetics. In the early to mid-1960s, Goodman (1961), Sanderson (1964), and Wigzell (1965) independently described the use of 51Cr-labeled mouse tumor of lymph node cells to study antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Since that time, the chromium release assay has become the standard technique for the measurement of complement-or cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In the chromium release assay for cytotoxic T-cell activity, the
binding of CTLs to infected 51Cr-labeled target cells with virus peptide on syngeneic class I MHC induces apoptosis with the proportional release of 51Cr into the supernatant (Fig. 46.9) (Burleson et al., 2018; Levin et al., 1978; van der Haar Avila et al., 2019). Alternatives for the chromium release assay were developed because of its disadvantages, including its relatively limited sensitivity and use of a radioisotope. The most widely employedalternative techniques include flow cytometry, imaging cytometry, chemiluminescence, and variations of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Fassy et al., 2017; La Muraglia et al., 2015; Rossignol et al., 2017).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 февраля 2024 17:19

پاسخ سال 46 : در صفحه 931 داریم :
Understanding the pathways leading to T-cell activation has led to the discovery of molecular defects in several acquired immunodeficiency diseases and may ultimately help provide therapeutic strategies to correct these deficiencies (Milner & Holland, 2013; Ochs & Hagin, 2014; Rosen, 2000). For example, mutations in the PTK ZAP-70 have been reported and are associated with the autosomal form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in humans (Elder, 1998). Mutations in the common γ chain of the interleukin receptors IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 lead to transduction abnormalities and are associated with the X-linked form of SCID (Noguchi et al., 1993). It is interesting to note that another form of autosomally inherited SCID is associated with mutations in the downstream Janus family protein tyrosine Jak3, the only signaling molecule associated with the common γ chain .
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 февраля 2024 19:05

سوالات بعدی شامل ایمنی از 46 تا 60 می شود :

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 февраля 2024 18:04

سوال 44 :
در صفحه 1339 از تکس داریم :
In most areas, microfilariae circulate in peripheral blood with a nocturnal periodicity that corresponds with feeding activities of the usual vectors—Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles mosquitoes. Of note, infections originating in the South Pacific may be without periodicity, or subperiodic. The microfilariae are sheathed, although this may not always be obvious with Giemsa staining, in which the sheath may appear only as a negative outline. However, a hematoxylin stain will stain the sheath and allow for its ready identification (Mathison et al., 2019). The tail is pointed, and no nuclei are present in the tip. The cephalic space is not as long as it is wide, and the nuclei in the nuclear column are distinct (Figs. 65.22B and 65.23). Concentration procedures may be necessary for recovery because microfilariae may be present in small numbers.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 февраля 2024 17:55

در صفحه 1343 داریم :
Echinococcus vogeli produces a polycystic hydatid cyst in humans that is invasive but, unlike E. multilocularis, produces both brood capsules and protoscoleces. The disease is limited to▶️ Latin America, where rodents, specifically the paca, and bush dogs complete the life cycle (D’Alessandro et al., 1979). Polycystic hydatid disease in South America may also be caused by E. oligarthrus, a parasite of felids and rodents. This species is similar morphologically to E. vogeli and cases have been misidentified (D’Alessandro et al., 1995). Treatment is not well defined for infection with these species.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 февраля 2024 11:34

Dipylidium caninum
Dipylidium caninum is a common tapeworm of dogs and cats in most parts of the world that not infrequently infects humans, especially children Detection is based on the finding of characteristic eggs, egg packets, or proglottids in the feces. The proglottids are rather hardy and are usually passed intact. As such, eggs or egg packets are less commonly detected in O&P examinations but can usually be expressed from proglottids in the laboratory. Spherical eggs, each containing a six-hooked embryo, measure from 24 to 40 μm in diameter and occur singly or in packets (Fig. 64.18D). The scolex is somewhat elongate, with four suckers and a small, retractable rostellum. Proglottids are barrel shaped and possess two genital pores, one on each lateral margin, which give rise to the common name double-pored tapeworm (see Fig. 65.19). They are commonly likened to a “grain of rice” or “cucumber seed” when seen intact in stool (Fig. 65.18G). Because they are often motile when passed, they are commonly noted by the child’s caregiver.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 февраля 2024 11:28

در صفحه 1303 از کتاب تکس 2022 داریم :
Therapy and prophylaxis of malaria have become highly complex topics because of the widespread appearance of resistance by P. falciparum to chloroquine and other antimalarials and, to a lesser extent, resistance by P. vivax to chloroquine. Artemisinin combination therapy is now recognized as the preferred treatment by the WHO for treatment of P. falciparum infection and chloroquine-resistant P. vivax infection (WHO, 2018). Persons with P. vivax or P. ovale malaria should receive treatment with primaquine phosphate or tafenoquine in addition to standard primary treatment in order to eradicate hepatic hypnozoites and to prevent relapse. Use of primaquine or tafenoquine may be dangerous in patients who have G6PD deficiency.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 февраля 2024 11:10

در صفحه 1347 میخوانیم :

Bed Bugs and Kissing Bugs
...
Kissing bugs (Triatoma, Rhodnius, Panstrongylus) have a cone-shaped head on a narrow neck and an abdomen that is widened in the middle. These insects are black or brown, and some have orange and black markings on the abdomen. They average 1 to 3 cm in length and, unlike bedbugs, have well-developed wings for flight. Similar to bedbugs, kissing bugs are relatively painless feeders on vertebrates and produce similar skin reactions. In Mexico and Central and South America, they transmit the agent of Chagas disease, T. cruzi, in the feces, which is secondarily inoculated into the skin by the human host while scratching (

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

08 февраля 2024 13:13

در صفحه 1312 تکس هنری 2022 داریم :
Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the New World is caused by many species, including Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania venezuelensis, Leishmania peruviana, Leishmania panamensis, and Leishmania guyanensis, among others (Bruckner & Labarca 2019). Lesions produced by L. mexicana often involve the earlobe (Chiclero ulcer), are self-limiting, and are not known to metastasize to the mucosa. However, L. mexicana and L. amazonensis may produce diffuse cutaneous lesions similar to those produced by L. aethiopica.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

08 февраля 2024 13:06

در صفحه 1296 تکس هنری میخوانیم :
Iron Hematoxylin Stain.
The traditional iron hematoxylin stains are technically more difficult to perform than the trichrome stain; thus, they are becoming increasingly rare in the United States. However, results
generally are superior owing to enhanced definition of key nuclear and cytoplasmic characteristics, and most of the original descriptions of protozoan morphology are based on slides stained by these methods. A modified iron hematoxylin stain that incorporates carbol fuchsin has been described, which allows concurrent staining of acid-fast organisms such as Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora (Garcia, 2010, 2016; Garcia et al., 2018). Specimens fixed in Schaudinn, PVA, or SAF fixative may be stained with iron hematoxylin stains (the preferred stain for SAF).
Modified Acid-FastStains.
Oocysts of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora are difficult to recognize on concentrated wet preparations, trichrome-or iron hematoxylin–stained smears, but their presence may be detected by using an acid-fast staining technique such as the modified Kinyoun method, modified acid-fast dimethyl sulfoxide, or auramine-O or staining with safranin (hot method) (Cama & Mathison, 2015). Acid-fast stains are sensitive and cost-effective for detection of these protozoa, but they lack specificity. Close attention must be paid to defined morphologic criteria when these stains are used, and the use of positive control material is mandatory. For laboratories in which Cryptosporidium is rarely encountered, use of the highly specific and sensitive commercially available immunoassay reagents is recommended. Stool, sputa, biliary tract, and other appropriate specimens that are fresh, formalin fixed, or SAF fixed may be used with acid-fast
stains.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

05 февраля 2024 12:16

قسمت بعد سوالات 16 تا 30 درس انگل‌ شناسی‌

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

05 февраля 2024 12:06

٣٠- Regarding the contents of your reference book for this exam, which of the following (whether scientifically or grammatically) is correct?

A) . No universally accepted guidelines indicates which assays should had critical values, what the thresholds should be, and what is acceptable time from result availability to caregiver’s notifcation.

B) There are many universal agreements regarding the types of caregivers (e.g., physician, physician assistant, registered nurse, etc.) who fulfill these defnitives.

C) It is generally established that critical values must be called in to a caregiver who has the ability to act on the information.

D) A critical value (also known as panic values) is a laboratory result that may represent a life- threatening situations.