28487
#ielts #toefl #gre #english_vocabulary #english
Idiom of the Day
a little from column A, a little from column B
Having been formed from two distinct factors, elements, or reasons. Watch the video
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r genocide in these searches,” he said.
How has this name been rendered over time?
“Uyghur” contains sounds that aren’t easily rendered in English. When spoken, it sounds closer to “oy-gher” than “wee-ger,” as most Westerners enunciate it.
One early original source in English for the history of the region, British explorer T. D. Forsyth’s “Report of a Mission to Yarkand in 1873,” refers to the “Uighur” people. Other early spellings include “Ouighour” and “Ouigour,” derived from French and German scholars' renderings.
What is the basis for Boreham’s assertion?
Previously, China had included an “h” in the English spelling. An official directive issued on Oct. 11, 2006, from the Committee for the Language and Writing of the People’s Republic of China used “Uyghur.”
But on May 15, 2012, the China Daily, the English-language newspaper owned by the Chinese Communist Party, reported that the word had been officially standardized as “Uygur.”
Since then, official Chinese websites, including those of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region People’s Government and Chinese embassies in the United States and Europe, have used the “Uygur” spelling.
What do experts say?
Scholars and experts on the region rejected the latest call for a spelling change.
The word “Uyghur” is one of the most commonly used terms in Turkology in the Western world, and it is also used to refer to the script known today as Old Uyghur, they say.
Similar terms, like “Afghanistan” or “Mughal Empire” are often rendered with “gh” in Western languages because the “gh” sound does not exist in English. This is why Boreham’s suggestion to remove the “h” from the English form of “Uyghur” has been widely criticized.
Timothy Grose, a professor of China studies who is an expert in ethnicity and ethnic policy in China at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in Indiana, said Boreham’s dictum was “completely wrong.”
“The sound here is closer to ‘gh,’ so it is most accurately expressed with that spelling,” he said.
“It neglects that Uyghurs themselves have their own culture and their own language, and it is really the duty and obligation of others to see this language and culture for its itself and on its own terms,” he said. Juha Janhunen explains his own stance:
My preferred spelling is Uighur, pronounced Weeger [wi:gər]. Since there is no sequence /ui/ in English it becomes automatically /wi:/, which is why we also have to say "a Uighur" and not "an Uighur". An alternative would be [ju:igər], as in Buick [bju:ik], but I do not know if anyone uses this pronunciation. Marcel Erdal provides an extensive phonological-philological analysis of the problem:
The third sound in the name of the Uyghurs is pronounced as a voiced uvular fricative, like what is spelled with gh in the name of Afghanistan, phonetic symbol [ʁ]. It is quite similar to the second sound in Greek εγώ ‘I’, but that is a voiced velar fricative [γ], i.e. a bit less back than [ʁ]. There is a tradition in the west to spell these fricatives, which do not exist in the major Western European languages and therefore has no standard western spelling, with the letter combination gh; but this is just a convention. (Danes, Dutch and Ukrainians have other ways for spelling this sound.) The Italians use this letter combination for expressing the sound [g], the voiced velar stop/plosive, before front vowels, as in the proper name Gherardo.
The Septuagint scholars translating the Old Testament into Greek had this problem when transcribing the name of the city which is now, in the west, called Gaza. In Arabic, the name is غَزَّة , with the Arabic letter ghain, غ. Also already in Philistine times, there was a voiced uvular fricative in its onset, which was, in the 3rd cent. A.D., translated into Greek with the letter γ (which originally represented a stop – but I am not sure till when). Beside ghain, غ, Arabic also has a voiced uvular approximant, cain, ع. Classical Hebrew united these two sounds into the sound cain, so the Hebrew n[...]
Word of the Day
Word of the Day: longitudinal
This word has appeared in 21 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
look for
If you are looking for something, you're trying to find it.
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Word of the Day
uninitiated
Definition: (adjective) Not knowledgeable or skilled; inexperienced.
Synonyms: naive.
Usage: To an uninitiated onlooker, nothing could have been more ghastly or absurd.
Discuss
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Language Log
AI triumphs… and also fails.
Google has created an experimental — and free — system called NotebookLM. Here's its current welcome page: http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/NotebookLM1.png So I gave it a link to a LLOG post that I happened to have open for an irrelevant reason: "Dogless in Albion", 9/12/2011.
And here's what it showed me next: http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/NotebookLM2.png That Summary is OK, though it leaves out the main point of the post, which was to discuss Martin Kay's point about the puzzling role of phrasal stress in disambiguating the sentence "Dogs must be carried".
But one of the three options under "Audio Overview" was
What is the relationship between phrasal stress and the interpretation of signs using the "X must be Y" construction?
So I clicked on that option. The result was an automatically-generated podcast-style discussion:
Your browser does not support the audio element.
Both the LM-generated dialog and its audio realization are really impressive. And I'm not the only one who's impressed with NotebookLM's autopodcasts — on ZDNET, David Gewirtz wrote (10/1/2024):
I am not at all religious, but when I discovered this tool, I wanted to scream, "This is the devil's work!"
When I played the audio included below for you to my editor, she slacked back, "WHAT KIND OF SORCERY IS THIS?" I've worked with her for 10 years, during which time we have slacked back and forth just about every day, and that's the first all-caps I've ever seen from her.
Later, she shared with me, "This is 100% the most terrifying thing I've seen so far in the generative AI race."
If you are at all interested in artificial intelligence, what I've found could shake you up as much as it did us. We may be at a watershed moment.
Stunningly lifelike speech and dialog system, yes. Even voice quality variation and laughter at appropriate times.
And some of the content is good — for example the robot podcasters do a good job of explaining the ambiguity under discussion in my blog post:
Your browser does not support the audio element.
But there are still problems. For example, the robots' attempt to explain the phrasal stress issue goes completely off the rails:
Your browser does not support the audio element.
Zeroing in on the system's performance of the stress difference:
Your browser does not support the audio element.
Where did the system get the weird idea that the way to put phrasal stress on the subject of "Dogs must be carried" is to pronounce "dogs" as /ˈdɔgz.ɛs/? Inquiring minds want to know, but are unlikely ever to learn, given the usual black-box unexplainability of contemporary AI systems.
Still, "podcasters" and similar talking-head roles may be among the jobs threatened by AI, either through complete replacement or a major increase in productivity. (And of course, human talking heads get things wrong a fair fraction of the time…)
Note: The original LLOG post should have included audio examples of Martin Kay's stress distinction, but didn't. So just in case it wasn't clear to you, here's my performance of phrasal stress on the subject:
Your browser does not support the audio element.
And on the verb:
Your browser does not support the audio element.
This is the only thing I've tried to do with notebookLM so far — future experiment will probably bring additional triumphs and additional failures.
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Learn English Through Football
Football Language: Statement Win
In this football language post we look at the phrase 'statement win' after Tottenham's win at Old Trafford at the weekend.
The post Football Language: Statement Win appeared first on Learn English Through Football.
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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
trash
to damage, to destroy
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Idiom of the Day
hothead
A person with an excitable, fiery, or impetuous temper or disposition; one who is quick to get angry or act rashly. Watch the video
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a Skulke of Theuys
a skulke of ffoxis
a Nest of Rabettis
a Labor of Mollis
a Mute of houndes
a Keneƚƚ of Rachis
a Sute of a lyam
a Cowardnes of curris
a Soundre of wilde swyne
a Stode of Maris
a Pase of Assis
117a Droue of Nete
a fflocke of Shepe
a Gagle of women
a Pepe of chykennys
a Multiplieng of husbondis
a Pontificalite of prelatis
a Dignyte of chanonys
a Charge of curatis
a Discrecion of Prestis
a Sculke of freris
a bhomynable sight of mōkis
a Scoƚƚ of ffysħ
a Example of Maisteris
an Obẜuans of herimytis
an Eloquens of laweyeris
an Execucion of Officerys
a faith of Marchandis
a ꝓuision of stewardꝭ of hous
a Kerff of Panteris
a Credens of Seweris
an vnbrewyng of Kerueris
a Safegarde of Porteris
a Blast of hunteris
a Thretenyng of courteyeris
a Promyse of Tapsteris
a Lyeng of pardeneris
a Misbeleue of paynteris
a Lasħ of Carteris
a Scoldyng of Kemsteris
a wonderyng of Tynkeris
a waywardnes of haywardis
a worship of writeris
a Neu̇thriuyng of Iogoleris
a ffraunch of Mylneris
a Festre of Brewris
a Goryng of Bochouris
a Trynket of Corueseris
a Plocke of Shoturneris
a Dronkship of Coblers
a Sculke of foxis
a Clustre of Nottis
a Rage of the teethe
a Rascaƚƚ of Boyes
a Disworship of Scottis
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Beth Stelling's Advice To Young Comics (Inside The FOD Vault Episode 1)
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Language Log
B"H
I received a communication with that at the top. I had never seen it before and had no idea what it meant. So I looked it up, and this is what I found on Wiktionary:
Phrase
B"H
1.
1. (Judaism) b'ezrat hashem (Transliterated form of ב״ה, written at the top of documents).
“With the Help of God.” A common phrase used by Jews and non-Jews when hoping for good fortune and God’s support for a better tomorrow.
1.
1. (Judaism) baruch Hashem
As the name of a constituent college of the City University of New York system and the financier-statesman whom it honors, "baruch" is fairly well known in English, though not many non-Jews would realize that it means "blessed". "B'ezrat" is not so well known in English; it means "help".
Hashem (Hebrew: הַשֵּׁם haššēm, literally "the name"; often abbreviated to ה׳ [h′]) is a title used in Judaism to refer to God. (Wikipedia)
With conflict in the Middle East intensifying, I can understand why people might be prompted to use this expression, B"H, now.
Having determined that B"H means "with the help of God", I immediately thought of Arabic "Inshallah" (and many variant forms), which means "if God wills" or "God willing". I know many non-Arabs and non-Muslims who use this expression, some of them aware of what it means.
"Deo volente" was also in my mind.
Selected readings
* "Under God an Idiom?" (6/16/04)
* "Out with Under God" (6/16/04)
* "'Under God' as 'Inshallah'" (6/20/04)
* "'(Next) Under God,' Phrasal Idiom" (6/20/04)
There are half a dozen other Language Log posts on "under god", for fairly obvious reasons.
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Tim Walz or TV Dad: Can These DNC-goers Tell The Difference?
Follow along as Funny or Die tests these DNC-goers to see if they can tell whether these quotes came from VP candidate Tim Walz or from some of your favorite TV Dads. It's a classic mix up. There is no better way to get to the bottom of this than to take to the United Center arena during the 2024 Democratic National Convention. Who will pass with flying colors? And who can't tell the difference?
Featuring: @TefiShow, @malcolmkenyattaforauditor, @AlienReese, Bryan Russell Smith of @betches (IG: https://www.instagram.com/bryanrussellsmith/)
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Word of the Day
quaternary
Definition: (adjective) Coming next after the third and just before the fifth in position or time or degree or magnitude.
Synonyms: fourth.
Usage: The quaternary period of geologic time extends from the end of the tertiary period to the present.
Discuss
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Punchlines or follower count? (Inside The FOD Vault Episode 1) #podcast #standupcomedy
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ame of the city has an cain in its onset. But the Septuagint translators, who lived in Egypt, appear to have had local knowledge about the name of the place, and did not adopt the Biblical variant (as known today, at any rate).
The 11th century Turkic scholar Maḥmūd has a number of examples for the name of the Uyghurs, which he spells with the Arabic letter ghain, غ. But Arabic generally has no [g], so the Arabs did not need a letter for writing this sound. The Persians do have the sound [g], so they invented a letter for it (adopted by the Ottomans), but Maḥmūd uses the ‘normal’ Arabic alphabet (I’m not sure the Persians actually already invented the letter for [g] in the 11th century), so he had no choice if he wanted to write a voiced velar or uvular sound.
I am not going to go here into the possibilities which the medieval Uyghurs had when using the (Indian) Brāhmī alphabet and the Semitic alphabets for naming their ethnicity and language, nor the Tang and later transcriptions of the name (discussed by Peter Zieme, a.o.); that is a big topic.
Note that Jarring, e.g., calls the language ‘Eastern Turki’; the wider modern adoption of ‘Uighur’ / ‘Uyghur’ in the West took place, I believe, not much longer than a century ago.
Based on the Uyghurs own phonology and orthography, which should it be — Uyghur or Uygur? I always use the spelling with "gh" as more respectful and, I believe, more accurate.
Selected readings
* "Xinjiang Uygur" (8/7/19)
* "4 Uygur Theater" (6/12/09)
* See here for dozens of Wikipedia articles having to do with Uyghur language, people, culture, and history. There's even a Uyghur Wikipedia that was launched in June of 2012; here's the article on Uyghur language from it.
* "Uyghur language" == simple English Wikipedia
* "Growing up Chinese in Uyghurstan" (12/26/21)
* "Uyghurstan or Uyghuristan?" (6/25/19)
* "Uyghur, Cantonese, and other valuable languages of China " (2/20/16)
* "A confusion of languages and names " (7/8/16)
* "Gibberish Uyghur " (9/28/09)
* "Uyghur basketball player " (6/24/18)
* "Uyghur as a 'dialect' — NOT" (6/28/13)
* "Uyghur as ornament " (9/19/13)
* "Uyghur language outlawed in schools of the Uyghur Autonomous Region " (8/1/17)
* "American English pronunciation of Uyghur proper nouns " (7/15/09)
* "Education in Xinjiang " (1/13/15)
* "Pulled noodles: Uyghur läghmän and Mandarin lāmiàn " (8/8/14)
* "'Carrot' in Persian, Urdu, Uyghur, Sinitic, Vietnamese, etc." (7/26/20)
* "A Little Primer of Xinjiang Proper Nouns" (7/13/09)
* "Outlawed Uyghur names" (10/10/15)
* "Chinese Authorities Ban Muslim Names Among Uyghurs in Hoten" (9/24/15)
* "Yaourter" (7/21/09)
* "UIGHUR NAMES PRONOUNCED." (7/13/09) — includes this proclamation by Language Hat:
I will issue my standard disclaimer that English spellings and pronunciations are for the use and convenience of English speakers, and it is foolish and presumptuous to expect them to sound correct to speakers of other languages. I seriously doubt that a Uyghur speaker’s rendition of, say, “New York” would pass muster to an English speaker, and that’s as it should be. Different languages are different.
which he has sensibly adumbrated in diverse variations on his blog.
[h.t. Arthur Waldron]
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Language Log
Uyghur or Uygur
I'll be right up front by saying that I always spell the name as "Uyghur" because doing so helps me pronounce the name more like the way the Uyghurs themselves say their ethnonym. If I spell the name as "Uygur", it has more of a tendency to come out sounding like a slur on an American ethnic group.
"EXPLAINED: What’s the controversy over ‘Uygur’ vs ‘Uyghur’? Beijing’s use of the former ignores Uyghurs’ preference and aims to sow division: experts" By Kurban Niyaz for RFA Uyghur (2024.09.10)
Recently, a China-based New Zealander who’s a columnist for the Shanghai Daily generated a stir when he declared on X that “Uyghur” — referring to the 12 million-strong ethnic group living in northwestern China — should be spelled in English without an “h.”
Andy Boreham, who has a history of using his social media platforms to propagate Beijing’s political messages, says the word should be spelled “Uygur,” per a Chinese government directive back in 2012.
This upset linguists and Uyghur advocates alike, who said the alternative spelling was incorrect, ignored Uyghurs’ preference and played into Beijing’s attempts to divide the Uyghur people.
Boreham, whose Chinese name is An Boran, said that the use of “Uyghur” with an “h” would be banned on all social media platforms or websites published in China. “The central government has ordered it, so it must be followed,” he wrote in the Sept. 6 post.
So be it. That's that. Logic with Chinese characteristics.
But there's more to it than the CCP's ex cathedra proclamation. There's also history, culture, and phonology.
The Uyghurs are a Turkic, mostly Muslim ethnic group living in what is today the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of northwestern China — which Uyghurs prefer to call East Turkestan.
They trace their roots in the region back centuries. The term “Uyghur” first appears on inscriptions on standing stones in present-day Mongolia dated to the 7th century.
In recent decades, the Uyghurs have been subjected to oppression and human rights abuses by the Chinese government that the United States and other Western governments have labeled a genocide.
Since 2017, an estimated 1.8 million have been herded into concentration camps, and thousands have been imprisoned. China says the facilities are job training sites to provide skills and alleviate poverty, and that most of the camps have been shut down.
Why is this alternative spelling a big deal to Uyghurs?
Members of the mostly Muslim ethnic group overwhelmingly prefer the spelling “Uyghur” because it more closely approximates the proper orthography and pronunciation in their native language.
To propose another spelling is disrespectful — and promotes division within the Uyghur community, they say.
“A white colonialist who works for another colonial empire is trying to tell us Uyghurs how to write and read our own national name. Who does he think he is?” said Dilnur Reyhan, president of the Paris-based European Uyghur Institute.
Boreham’s assertion may seem small, but it employs a familiar tactic from the Chinese government’s playbook — to sow division, said Ilshat Hassan Kokbore, vice chairman at the World Uyghur Congress.
By trying to get some Uyghurs to embrace the spelling “Uygur” without the “h,” China wants to create a version of Uyghurs who are members of the big China family, he said, separate from other Uyghurs.
This approach aligns with China’s long-standing political slogan: “Break their roots, break their connections, and break their origin,” he said.
Similarly, China has also replaced “Tibet” in official documents with “Xizang.”
Hassan said that having two spellings would cause confusion in online searches and could hinder access to important information.
“The risk is that we could lose parts of Uyghur history, literature, traditions, and even the ongoing Uyghu[...]
Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
loaded (2)
drunk, drugged, under the influence of a mind-altering substance
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Idiom of the Day
a joy to behold
A thing, event, or experience that creates a profound sense of joy or elation in the spectator. Watch the video
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Beth Stelling's Favorite Emoji 😬 (Inside The FOD Vault Episode 1)
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Language Log
A "Deep-Fried Ghost" for October
Word of the Day
Word of the Day: aphorism
This word has appeared in 20 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
keep on (2)
If you keep somebody on, you continue to employ them.
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Word of the Day
pestilential
Definition: (adjective) Likely to spread and cause an epidemic disease.
Synonyms: pestiferous, plaguey.
Usage: I have a notion, and more than a notion, that I shall never pass back alive through these pestilential swamps.
Discuss
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Language Log
Collective Noun Tea Towels
The New York Review of Books recently spammed me with an email that led off like this: http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/CollectiveNounTeaTowels.png I have mixed feelings about those "collective nouns" for different kinds of animals. A flock of birds, a herd of cows, a pack of wolves — fine. A flock of wolves, a herd of birds, a pack of cows — wrong, even weird. But a romp of otters? A plump of seals? A prickle of hedgehogs? A murder of crows? Give me a break…
But according to the BBC, these creative group names date back to 1486, and a book by Juliana Berners entitled "The Book of Hawking, Hunting and Blasing of Arms". But the BBC disagrees with Wikipedia about her name — "Julia" rather than "Juliana" — and also about the book title, which Wikipedia gives as The Book of Saint Albans. A digital copy is here — on a quick skim, I don't locate the "165 collective nouns for groups of people and animals" that the BBC article credits to her. No doubt readers will be able to do better, especially since the Wikipedia article links to the Gutenberg copy of an 1881 edition where the list is fairly easy to find: The Compaẏnẏs of beestẏs and fowlẏs.
AN Herde of Hertis
an herde of aƚƚ maṅ dere
an Herde of Swannys
an Herde of Cranys
an Herde of Corlewys
an Herde of wrennys
an Herde of harlottys
a Nye of ffesaunttys
a Beuy of Ladies
a Beuy of Roos
a Beuy of Quaylis
a Sege of heronnys
a Sege of betouris
a Sorde or a sute of malardis
a Mustre of Pecockys
a walke of Snytis
a Congregacion of peple
an Exaltyng of Larkis
a wache of Nyghtingalis
an hoost of men
a ffelisħippyng of yomen
a Cherme of Goldefynches
a Cast of Brede
a Couple or a payer of botillis
a fflight of Doues
an vnkyndenes of Rauenes
a Clateryng of choughes
a Dissimulacion of breddis
a Route of Knyghtis
a Pride of Lionys
a Sleuth of Beeris
a Cete of Graies
a Bery of Conyis
a Riches of Martronys
a Besynes of ferettis
a Brace of grehoundis of ij
a Lece of Grehoundis of .iij
a Coupuƚƚ of spaynellis
a Couple of rennyng houndis
a Litter of welpis
a Kyndyƚƚ of yong Cattis
a Synguler of Boris
a Dryft of tame Swyne
an Harrasse of horse
a Ragg of coltis or a Rake
a Baren of Mulis
a Trippe of Gete
a Trippe of haaris
a Gagle of gees
a Brode of hennys
a badelyng of Dokis
a Noonpaciens of wyues
a State of Prynces
a Thongh of barons
a Prudens of vikeris
a Suꝑfluyte of Nunnys
a Scole of clerkes
a Doctryne of doctoris
116a Conu̇tyng of prechouris
a Sentence of Iuges
a Dampnyng of Iurrouris
a Diligens of Messangeris
an Obeisians of ẜuauntis
a Sete of vssheris
a Draught of boteleris
a Proude shewyng of taloris
a Temꝑans of cokys
a Stalke of fosteris
a Boost of saudiouris
a Laughtre of Osteloris
a Glosyng of Tauerneris
a Malepertnes of pedleres
a Thraue of Throsheris
a squatte of Dawberis
a Fightyng of beggers
an vntrouth of sompneris
a Melody of Harpers
A Pauuerty of pypers
a sotelty of sergeauntis
a Tabernacle of bakers
a Drifte of fisħers
a Disgysyng of Taylours
a Bleche of sowteris
a Smere of Coryouris
a Clustre of Grapys
a Clustre of chorlis
a Rage of Maydenys
a Rafuƚƚ of Knauys
a blusħ of boyes
an vncredibilite of Cocoldis
a Couy of partrichis
a Sprynge of Telis
a Desserte of Lapwyngꝭ
a faƚƚ of woodecockis
a Congregacion of Pleuers
a Couert of cootis
a Dueƚƚ of Turtillis
a Titengis of Pies
an Ost of sparowis
a Swarme of bees
a cast of haukis of ye tour .ij
a Lece of thessame haukis .iij
a Flight of Goshaukes
a Flight of swalowes
a beldyng of Rookes
a Murmuracion of stares
a Route of woluess
a Lepe of Lebardis
a Shrewdenes of Apis
[...]
Funny Or Die (Youtube)
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Classic mix up! Can @TefiShow tell who's who?
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Language Log
A bit on last night's debate
I downloaded rev.com's transcript of last night's vice-presidential debate, and did a bit of analysis — the most interesting stuff will come later, but to start with I did a couple of my standard simple-minded analyses, starting with the type-token plots:
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/PresidentialDebates2024TypeToken.png
It's somewhat interesting that Walz and Harris are so similar, and that Vance is kind of splitting the difference towards Trump's low lexical diversity (due to repetitive rhetoric).
I also calculated Vance and Walz's most characteristic words (or at least the words most differently used in this debate), using the method described and exemplified here.
Vance's top ten were
country 44 (5156.45) 6 (707.631) 50 (2939.1) 3.065
american 44 (5156.45) 7 (825.569) 51 (2997.88) 2.957
actually 31 (3632.95) 2 (235.877) 33 (1939.81) 2.866
tim 25 (2929.8) 0 (0) 25 (1469.55) 2.825
margaret 22 (2578.23) 0 (0) 22 (1293.2) 2.650
of 232 (27188.6) 146 (17219) 378 (22219.6) 2.573
lot 44 (5156.45) 13 (1533.2) 57 (3350.58) 2.352
policies 17 (1992.27) 0 (0) 17 (999.295) 2.329
walz 15 (1757.88) 0 (0) 15 (881.731) 2.187
illegal 14 (1640.69) 0 (0) 14 (822.949) 2.113
where the 8 fields in each line are:
1. Word
2. Vance's count
3. (Vance's count per million)
4. Walz's count
5. (Walz's count per million)
6. Summed count
7. (Summed count per million)
8. Estimated log odds that it's from Vance
(Sorry for all that, it's what my program emits and I don't have time now to fix it…)
Walz's top ten words were
there 14 (1640.69) 69 (8137.75) 83 (4878.91) -3.489
this 71 (8320.64) 154 (18162.5) 225 (13226) -3.257
minnesota 1 (117.192) 26 (3066.4) 27 (1587.11) -2.744
it 96 (11250.4) 169 (19931.6) 265 (15577.2) -2.656
senator 1 (117.192) 20 (2358.77) 21 (1234.42) -2.366
folks 2 (234.384) 21 (2476.71) 23 (1351.99) -2.269
sure 2 (234.384) 21 (2476.71) 23 (1351.99) -2.269
vance 0 (0) 15 (1769.08) 15 (881.731) -2.200
things 10 (1171.92) 35 (4127.85) 45 (2645.19) -2.157
state 1 (117.192) 15 (1769.08) 16 (940.513) -1.999
's 117 (13711.5) 174 (20521.3) 291 (17105.6) -1.993
In other speeches and interviews from the two of them, Vance's greater predilection for "of" vs. Walz's "'s" is consistent — about which more later — as is Walz's more frequent use of "it" and "there". Not really political but maybe of some linguistic interest.
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