28487
#ielts #toefl #gre #english_vocabulary #english
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[...]
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Language Log
Transcription conventions
From Lane Greene on bluesky:
This is an unusual transcript (of Harris/Walz by CNN), filled with "gonna", "wearin'", "I'll tell ya", "pulling outta the race".
These things are ubiquitous in speech, but most transcribers would change these to "going to", "wearing", "I'll tell you", "out of".
edition.cnn.com/2024/08/29/p… [image or embed]
— Lane Greene (@lanegreene.bsky.social) Aug 30, 2024 at 7:06 AM
[Here's an image if the embedding doesn't work for you…]
The cited CNN page is a transcript of the whole interview, not subtitles for the video version.
And I agree with Lane that the page's transcription conventions are unusual — when I compare other CNN transcripts, I find the conventional conventions, where e.g. "going to" is spelled "going to" even if the pronunciation is closer to "gonna".
In 4,718 words of the Bash/Harris/Walz transcript on CNN's website, there are 16 instances of "gonna" and 0 of "going to". That would be a plausible choice for representing how people talk these days, just as "can't" is plausible in place of "can not" — but formal transcription conventions these days prescribe "going to".
And in contrast, there are 7 instances of "want to", and none of "wanna", even though "want to" is usually (and invariably, here) pronounced as "wanna", in the same way that "going to" is pronounced "gonna". Here's the first of the 7 examples — "But I wonder what you say to voters who do want to go back":
Your browser does not support the audio element.
And zeroing in a bit further, on the words "do want to (=wanna) go back", with "wanna" outlined in red:
Your browser does not support the audio element. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/HarrisWalzCNN1X1a.png Whatever the reason for the choices, they're applied in the same way to everyone in the interview. 13 of the 16 instances of "gonna" are in the speech of Harris or Walz, while 3 are due to Dana Bash. All 7 instances of "want to" are attributed to Dana Bash, as are both instances of "outta".
There's one instance of "wearin'" (attributed to Walz), and none of "wearing".
Only one word (sequence) is variably transcribed: there's 1 instance of "tell ya" (due to Harris), and 5 instances of "tell you" (3 attributed to Harris, 1 to Walz, and 1 to Bash).
If you want to look into things further, there doesn't seem to be full audio on the CNN site, but YouTube presents the interview in three parts: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3.
The YouTube transcript for Part 1 is very weird and not at all the same as the CNN page — it starts this way: http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/BashHarrisWalzYouTubeTranscript1.png The YouTube transcript for Part 2 is less weird, but the lines are mostly truncated: http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/BashHarrisWalzYouTubeTranscript2.png And the YouTube page for Part 3 has no transcript at all.
For another recent transcription weirdness, see "Putin: 'pollutant'? 'pooch and'?"
Some older relevant posts:
"The history of gonna", 5/9/2010
"True Grit isn't true", 12/29/2010
"Ask Language Log: Writing 'gonna' or 'going to'", 6/25/2011
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Language Log
Writing with AI
It's been clear for a while that "large language models" can be prompted to fulfill writing assignments, and that LLM detection doesn't work, and that "watermarking" won't come to the rescue. There's lots of on-going published discussion, and even more discussion in real life.
As documented by the MLA-CCCC Joint Task Force on Writing and AI, the conclusion seems to be a combination of bringing AI explicitly into the class, and designing some assignments where students need to function without it.
In one recent example, Joe Moxley has posted the syllabus for his course "Writing with Artificial Intelligence – Syllabus (ENC 3370)".
As I suggested in "LLMs in education: the historical view" (5/1/2023), education will survive the introduction of AI, just as it survived the introduction of writing, despite Plato's skepticism. But maybe oral rhetoric would be a useful alternative to hand-written essays, as an AI-free (or at least AI-reduced) dimension of evaluation (and target of instruction)?
See the discussion at the end of "The LLM-detection boom" (7/7/2023), copied below [image from Ethan Mollick's "The Homework Apocalypse", 7/1/2023]:
https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/EssayTornado.webp
In 1999, Wendy Steiner and I taught an experimental undergraduate course on "Human Nature".
Both of us were skeptical of essay-question exams, mostly due lack of trust in our own subjective evaluations. So we decided to experiment with an in-person oral midterm. But as I recall, there were about 80 students in the class — so how to do it?
We circulated in advance a list of a dozen or so sample questions, explaining that the actual questions would be similar to those.
And we scheduled 16 (?) one-hour sessions, each involving five students and both instructors sitting around a small seminar table. We went around the table, asking a question of each student in turn, and following up with redirections or additional questions as appropriate,. We limited each such interaction to 10 minutes, and before going on to the next student, we asked the group for (optional, brief) comments or additions. We both took notes on the process.
This took the equivalent of two full 8-hour days — spread over a week, as I recall — but it went smoothly, and was successful in the sense that our separately-assigned grades were almost exactly in agreement.
There are obvious problems with grades based on this kind of oral Q&A, just as there are problems with evaluating in-class essays, take-home exams, and term papers. And I've never repeated the experiment. But maybe I should.
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
kickback
a payment made, often secretly or illegally, to someone who has helped to arrange a deal or a job
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Idiom of the Day
a legend in (one's) own lifetime
A person who has an extraordinary level of fame or reputation while he or she is still alive. Watch the video
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Language Log
The Old Turkic origins of the Tang Dynasty
Sino-Platonic Papers is pleased to announce the publication of its three-hundred-and-fifty-sixth issue: “The Tang as a Tuoba Dynasty” (pdf) by Sanping Chen.
ABSTRACT
By examining the record of a local anti-Tibetan rebellion in document scroll S.1438 from the Dunhuang “library cave,” this discussion demonstrates that the nomadic Tuoba origin of the Tang royal house was known not only to the ancient Turkic people, as shown by their name for the Tang, Tabγač, but also to the Tang subjects themselves. In addition to substantiating Paul Pelliot’s old assertion that the Old Turkic name Tabγač came from the name Tuoba, this work argues that the Tang dynasty was in many aspects indeed the continuation of its Tuoba predecessors.
All issues of Sino-Platonic Papers are available in full for no charge.
To view our catalog, visit http://www.sino-platonic.org/
This paper is heavily focused on language, philology, and manuscript studies.
Key words
Paul Demiéville; Paul Pelliot; Friedrich Hirth; Rong Xinjiang; Gerard Clauson; Xiongnu; Tibet; India; Tuoba; Tabγač; Dunhuang manuscripts; An-Shi Rebellion 安史之亂 (755–763); Silk Road; literary genres; political and economic history; Tangut; Qiang; Tuyuhan; Uyghurs; Sogdian; Iranian; Buddhism; Orkhon inscriptions; Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarī’s Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīwān lugāt at-Turk); metathesis; fanqie; the “literati prism” of written sources; “Iranization of Chinese nomenclature”; civil service examination system; birthday celebration
Selected readings
* "Tuoba and Xianbei: Turkic and Mongolic elements of the medieval and contemporary Sinitic states" (5/16/22)
* "Tuoba and Xianbei, part 2" (8/15/22)
* "Tuoba" (Wikipedia)
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Language Log
Eric Doty duels with Grammarly
Eric Doty dueling with Grammarly on LinkedIn:
me: in real time
grammarly: in real-time
me: k, in real-time
grammarly: in real time
me: i'm going to smash you in real time
grammarly: i'm going to smash you in real-time
I don't have a Grammarly account, so I can't check, but I wonder if maybe the issue was whether or not "real time" was in context as a prenominal modifier? On the other hand, that may be over-attributing consistency to (what Grammarly says is) an AI algorithm…
See also:
"Prescriptivism and national security", 10/4/2005
"Level(-)headedness", 3/3/2010
"Can '[adjective]-ass' occur predicatively?", 11/18/2013
"Most-hyphen-admired-space-men", 1/2/2020
"Hyphen conundrum", 5/9/2022
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Language Log
Doing a literature
Today's Dinosaur Comics:
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/DinosaurComicsEpistrophe.png
Mouseover title: “this has TREMENDOUS implications for my two original characters, Anna Phora and E. P. Strophe”
One of the comments on Ryan North's bluesky post for this strip is:
The dudes who start every reply with "Well, actually…" are doing a literature??
Who knew?!?
— MisterJayEm (@misterjayem.bsky.social) Aug 30, 2024 at 9:35 AM
Well actually, they're doing a rhetoric.
And nobody does rhetorical repetition like Donald Trump…
…though his epistrophe/anaphora machine also typically jumps around among several topics (as in this recent example):
Your browser does not support the audio element.
And groceries, food has gone up at levels nobody's ever seen before
we've never seen anything like it
fifty sixty seventy percent.
You take a look at bacon and some of these products and
some people don't eat bacon anymore.
And
uh we are going to get the energy prices down,
when we get energy down-
you know this was caused
by their horrible energy-
Wind, they want wind all over the place.
But when it doesn't blow we have a little problem.
This was caused by energy.
This was really caused by energy and also their
unbelievable spending, they're spending us out of-
out of wealth, actually, they're taking our wealth away.
But it was caused by energy,
and what they've done is they've started cutting way back
[…]
For more examples, see "Past posts on Donald Trump's rhetoric", 1/5/2024.
See also "Discourse as turbulent flow", 11/1/2003…
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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
admin
administrator, administration, person or department that runs an organisation
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Idiom of the Day
legal eagle
An especially clever, aggressive, or skillful attorney. Watch the video
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
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➖ @EngSkills ➖
Language Log
PUA
This is something I was going to write about in the early part of December, 2023, but got sidetracked by too many other things. Now I'm going through my e-mail clutter to clean out old messages that I had neglected to take care of back then. At that time, more than half a year ago, "PUA" was still very popular. Although speech fashions change rapidly in China, it was so viral then that I suspect it is still relevant today, so let's take a good look at it.
When I first encountered "PUA", I had no idea what it meant nor how to pronounce it (the same sort of feeling of being at sea when I initially heard "hawk tuah"), so I started looking around for what it might mean. Clearly, from the contexts in which I was hearing it, PUA was not "Pandemic Unemployment Assistance", which was a federal and state government program back in the day.
I fairly quickly came to the realization that the term "PUA" is derived from the American English phrase “pick-up artist”. Well, I'd never heard of that either, so had to educate myself about that too. Pickup artists (PUA) are people whose goals are seduction and sexual success. Predominantly heterosexual men, they often self-identify as the seduction community or the pickup community. This community exists through various channels, including internet newsletters, blogs, seminars and one-on-one coaching, forums, groups, and local clubs known as "lairs".
The rise of "seduction science", "game", or "studied charisma" has been attributed to modern forms of dating and social norms between sexes which have developed from a perceived increase in the equality of women in western society and changes to traditional gender roles. Commentators in the media have described "game" as sexist or misogynistic.
(Wikipedia)
In Chinese internet slang, the initialism's meaning is much broader: to be “brainwashed” or “deceived.” It's used in the context of relationships, family, or work, with people often “PUA-ing” themselves.
(From this Facebook post, which also has a video in Mandarin, where you can hear the word pronounced: "P-U-A", like the English letters.)
From Diana Shuheng Zhang (12/8/23):
PUA, indeed it first means pick-up artist in English. Most importantly, it is a noun. In Chinese, it means "to manipulate, to gaslight" — but more important than semantics, it can grammatically be used in Chinese both as a verb and a verbal noun. For example, in Chinese, you can say:
Wǒ de qiánfū měitiān doū yòng wǒ yǐqián de liàn'ài jīnglì PUA wǒ, suǒyǐ wǒ líhūnle.
我的前夫每天都用我以前的恋爱经历PUA我，所以我离婚了。
"My ex-husband PUA-ed (mentally manipulated / gaslighted) me everyday with my pre-marriage dating experience, therefore I divorced [him]." (verb)
Bùyào zǒng shì zéguài zìjǐ, zhè shì duì zìjǐ de PUA
不要总是责怪自己，这是对自己的PUA。
"Don't blame yourself all the time, which is equivalent to PUA-ing yourself." (verbal noun)
Since "A" stands for "artist", or a person in English, there is absolutely no way to say "X pick-up artisted Y". I believe that syntax is the biggest difference between the use of PUA in Chinese and English.
To be honest, since the word PUA is so popular in China that I use it frequently while speaking Chinese, sometimes when I want to express similar things in English, I must try hard to stop myself from using PUA directly as a verb in English and say "manipulate" instead.
This is a fascinating example of the complex interactions among different levels of different languages. We start with an English slang (!) expression, "pickup artist". That is turned into an initialism, PUA, all the while remaining a noun phrase. It is quickly picked up (!) by bilingual Chinese speakers who enthusiastically expand its grammatical and semantic scope, so that it becomes a verb with the self-referential meaning of gaslighting and manipulating, among other applications. From [...]
Word of the Day
Word of the Day: foray
This word has appeared in 217 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
➖ @EngSkills ➖
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[...]
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[...]
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[...]
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Language Log
Japan's favorite aphorism about eggplants
"Japan’s autumn eggplant: Too delicious for your daughter-in-law"
By Elizabeth Andoh, The Japan Times (Sep 1, 2024)
Cooked properly, nothing beats an eggplant for succulence, softness, and savoriness. It's so good that you almost want to keep it for yourself.
In Japan, eggplants reach their peak of flavor during a period of time known as zansho (literally "lingering heat"), the equivalent of mid-August through late September. Such aki nasu, or autumn eggplants, are especially tasty. And, because eggplant is thought to cool the body (probably due to an unusually high concentration of minerals and phytonutrients in late-harvest fruit), dishes made with them are particularly inviting on days when heat and humidity sap the appetite.
Most varieties of Japanese eggplants boast tender, deeply purple skins and juicy, pale yellow-green flesh. They are all nearly seedless, and some varieties, such as Kamo nasu grown around Kyoto, are bulbous and squat. Others, such as Hakata nasu grown in Kyushu, are long and slender. All true Japanese varieties have a dark calyx, not a green one. Most people think of eggplant and other members of the nightshade family such as tomatoes as vegetables because of their savory taste — botanically, however, they are fruit.
The Japanese have a fondness for kotowaza (aphorisms) that embody tidbits of folk wisdom. Many kotowaza use food as a seasonal point of reference, and the best-known kotowaza concerning eggplants goes: “Aki nasu wa yome ni kuwasu na” ("Never serve autumn eggplants to a daughter-in-law”).
Most Japanese will tell you that the phrase means autumn eggplants are so delicious that young brides don’t deserve them. If you are unfamiliar with Japanese humor regarding in-laws, you should know that jokes are usually directed at the husband’s mother, instead of to the detriment of the wife’s mother, which is the typical pattern in many Western countries. In Japan, daytime talk show hosts will commiserate with young brides who are bridled with spiteful shūtome (mothers-in-law).
Here, aki nasu are such a prize that it’s mother-in-laws being reminded that their delicate flavors should be saved and savored all for themselves.
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Language Log
Putin: "pollutant"? "pooch and"?
The transcriptions on YouTube are generally pretty good these days, but sometimes the results are weird.
A notable recent example is the transcription of Donald Trump's 8/31/2024 Fox interview with Mark Levin, where the system renders "Putin" first as "pollutant" and then as "pooch and".
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/TrumpLevinPutinPollutant0.png
The relevant audio clip, with my transcription:
Your browser does not support the audio element.
You didn't have
Iran saying they're going to blow up Israel.
And you didn't have
Putin saying he's going into Ukraine. That would've never happened.
Putin going into Ukraine would've never happened.
What the (automated?) YouTube transcript has:
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/TrumpLevinPutinPollutant.png
In addition to the weird renderings of "Putin", the substitution of "never would've" for "would've never" is odd.
It's not clear to me whether it's Google or Fox that was responsible for automated transcript/subtitling of this interview…
Or maybe human subtitling was outsourced to some Ukrainians?
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
use up
If you use up something, you use all of it and have none left over.
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Word of the Day
fractious
Definition: (adjective) Stubbornly resistant to authority or control.
Synonyms: recalcitrant, refractory.
Usage: The young horse was a fractious animal that would not submit to the harness; no one could ride her.
Discuss
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Language Log
"Teacher voice"
Now I read
that J D Vance said he was
"really disturbed"
by teachers
who don't have
biological children.
Well for a long time
Tim and I were teachers
who struggled with infertility.
And we were only able to start a family
because of fertility treatments.
So this is really personal.
we do not take kindly to folks
like J D Vance telling us
when
or how
to start our family.
So let me use my Teacher Voice.
English teachers, you know what these
((babies are for)).
Mister Vance,
how about you mind your own business?
Searches of YouTube and Google Scholar demonstrate that "Teacher Voice" is definitely a thing, though I don't think that the definitive sociophonetic analysis has yet been done — not to speak of the attitudinal, syntactical, lexical, gestural, postural, sartorial, and optometrical aspects.
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Language Log
"Within one year or more" ???
From Frederick Newmeyer:
I recently had to cancel a flight with Delta Airlines and was directed to their webpage that discusses what to do to get a refund. I found the following bizarre instruction:
Please retain the ticket/document number(s) below as they have become an eCredit and the remaining value can be used to rebook a flight within one year or more from the original purchase date.
What on earth does ‘within one year or more’ mean? Taken literally, it means that I could rebook a flight five years from now, but they can’t possibly mean that. All attempts to get an explanation from Delta have failed. Can anybody explain what ‘within one year or more’ might mean?
My first guess would be that Delta meant "within one year or less", and got semantically turned around in the way that people often do when scalar predicates are in the neighborhood of (even implicit) negation.
But there are lots of internet hits for "within one year or less" — and many of them seem to have the same problem, like this page's definition of "Assets", where the phrase "within one year or more" seems to add nothing at all:
The assets section includes all tangible and intangible items that have value and can be converted into cash within one year or more.
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Language Log
The beauty of open access
Just published is a volume edited by David Holm, Vernacular Chinese-Character Manuscripts from East and Southeast Asia (De Gruyter), in their Studies in Manuscript Cultures series.
Now available open access at the De Gruyter website.
The book has chapters on Hokkien, Cantonese, Vietnamese, Yao, Zhuang, and other Tai-speakers who use Chinese-based vernacular scripts.
Previously announced on Language Log here.
It is always cause for celebration when a significant book on a specialized research topic is made available open access. The same is true of Jeffrey Kotyk's Sino-Iranian and Sino-Arabian Relations in Late Antiquity: China and the Parthians, Sasanians, and Arabs in the First Millennium, which I had previously announced here, and is now available open access at the Brill website here.
Selected readings
* "Bahasa and the concept of 'National Language'" (3/14/13)
* "A hidden minority revealed" (1/29/22) — Zhuang
* "Katratripulr" (5/6/22)
* "The geo-, socio-, ethno-, and politicolinguistics of Taiwan" (7/24/18)
* "Thai 'khwan' ('soul') and Old Sinitic reconstructions" (1/28/19)
* "Two-fifths of the people in Vietnam have the surname Nguyen. Why?" (1/18/20) — with extensive bibliography
* "Words in Vietnamese" (10/2/18)
David Holm, "'Crossing the Seas': Indic Ritual Templates and the Shamanic Substratum in Eastern Asia", Sino-Platonic Papers, 281 (September, 2018), 1-75.
Jeffrey Kotyk, "The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China", Sino-Platonic Papers, 282 (September, 2018), 1-95.
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
take over (2)
to begin doing a job or a task that someone else had been doing previously
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Word of the Day
facet
Definition: (noun) A distinct feature or element in a problem.
Synonyms: aspect.
Usage: He carefully studied every facet of the question before offering his response.
Discuss
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those globally very active bilingual Chinese speakers, PUA goes in two directions to influence monolingual Chinese speakers who accept, use, and adapt it as a nativized Mandarin word. In the other direction, the Sinicized PUA seeps into the language of bilingual speakers of English like me, and thence into the speech of monolingual English speakers with whom the bilingual English speakers are in contact.
PUA is just one such term derived from English that I learned about from Chinese speakers. Another English initialism that I learned from Chinese speakers is VPN, but there are countless other such English > Chinese > English expressions. Ditto for English > Japanese > English. For a mind-boggling/blowing example of this sort of linguistic-cultural back-and-forth between languages, consider the case of karaoke.
This process of multi-directional language exchange is going on at a rapid pace and on a massive scale, enhanced by the ubiquity of the global internet. China Babel, that unpublished novel I wrote decades ago, is not a distant dream. Selected readings
* "The Englishization of Chinese enters a new phase" — especially this comment on the nature of "P" in Chinese
* "Old, new, and mixed Cantonese colloquialisms" (8/29/24) — contra "slang"
* "New expressions for karaoke: the phoneticization of Chinese" (9/25/21)
* "China Babel" (3/26/24)
* "New expressions for karaoke: the phoneticization of Chinese" (9/25/21)
* "China VPN redux" (7/17/24) — with lengthy bibliography
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Learn English Through Football Podcast: Going to the Match
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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
pig (2)
a police officer
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