179592
UPSC Notes
*🛡️Ashoka Rock Edicts Features Inscribed in Edicts*
*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
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*🛡️Major Ports on Eastern Coast*
*♟️1) Tutocorin (Tamil Nadu):-* artificial port located in Gulf of Mannar, all-weather port, trades in fertilizers and petrochemical products
*♟️2) Chennai (Tamil Nadu):-* artificial port, India's second busiest port
*♟️3) Ennore (Tamil Nadu):-* India's first corporatised port
*♟️4) Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh):-* deepest port of India, deals with the export of iron ore to Japan, with ship-building and fixing facilities
*♟️5) Paradip (Odisha):-* natural harbour, deals with the export of Iron and Aluminum
*♟️6) Haldia (West Bengal):-* riverine port, situated on Hugli River, known as Diamond Harbour, formed to relieve pressure on Kolkata port
*♟️7) Kolkata (West Bengal):-* riverine port, oldest operating port in India, constructed by British East India Company, trades in jute, tea, coal and steel.
*🛡️Trans - Himalayas*
♟️Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.
♟️Also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.
♟️Average elevation - 3000m.
♟️Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.
♟️Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.
♟️This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.
♟️The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.
♟️K2 lies here.
*🛡️BRITISH CONQUEST OF BENGAL*
♟️British exports from Bengal: Saltpetre, Rice, Indigo, Pepper, Sugar and Silk, Cotton Textiles. (Bengalcomprised 60% of EIC trade with India.)
♟️Factories were set up in Balasore, Hooghly, Kasim bazar, Patna and Dacca.
♟️1717:- British secured royal Farman for Emperor Farrukh Siyar for trade (export import) in Bengal a right to issue Dastaks (free passes for trading) for movement of such goods issued. (Dastaks were cause of perpetual conflict).
♟️Alivardi Khan was engaged in wars with Maratha for 15 years.
♟️British strengthened their entrenchment in Fort Williams.
♟️Alivardi Khan died in 1756 a succeeded by Siraj-ud-Daula.
♟️Internal tussle and opposition of Siraj ud daulah in the court.
♟️Important Rulers:- Murshid Quli Khan (first Diwan of Bengal) a Shujauddin a Alivardi Khan (stopped paying tributes to The Mughals).
*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE*
♟️Under the Rules of Lok Sabha, the ‘Leader of the House’ means the prime minister, if he is a member of the Lok Sabha, or a minister who is a member of the Lok Sabha and is nominated by the prime minister to function as the Leader of the House.
♟️There is also a ‘Leader of the House’ in the Rajya Sabha. He is a minister and a member of the Rajya Sabha and is nominated by the prime minister to function as such.
♟️The leader of the house in either House is an important functionary and exercises direct influence on the conduct of business. He can also nominate a deputy leader of the House. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘majority leader’.
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*🛡️Greenland*
♟️Greenland - the world's largest island which is not a continent - is located in the Arctic.
♟️It is also the most sparsely populated territory. About 56,000 people live there, mostly indigenous Inuit people. About 80% of its territory is covered by ice, meaning most people live on the south-western coast around the capital, Nuuk.
♟️An autonomous - or self-governing - territory of Denmark, it is also home to Danish and US military bases.
Greenland's economy is mainly based on fishing. Large subsidies from the Danish government account for about a fifth of its income, or GDP.
♟️In recent years, there has been increased interest in Greenland's natural resources, including mining for rare earth minerals, uranium and iron.
*🛡️Pyrenees Mountains*
♟️Pyrenees Mountains are a chain of mountains in southwestern Europe that form a natural border between Spain and France.
♟️It is a fold mountain chain created by the continental collision of the microcontinent of Iberia with the massive Eurasian plate .
♟️They are quite old mountains in comparison to the Alps.
♟️It extends for about 500 km from the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea in the east to the Bay of Biscay (Atlantic Ocean) in the west .
♟️Politically, it is divided into the Spanish and French Pyrenees.
♟️The tiny country of Andorra is found sandwiched between them, in the eastern part of the Pyrenees Mountains.
♟️It separates the rest of continental Europe from the Iberian Peninsula.
*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21.
*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.
*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.
*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.
*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.
*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.
*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.
*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.
*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.
*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
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♟️Asia Power Index - 3rd
♟️Global Innovation Index - 38th
♟️Press Freedom Index - 151st
♟️Sustainable Development Goals Index- 99th
♟️Corruption Perception Index- 96th
♟️Human Development Index- 130th
♟️Global Gender Gap- 131st
♟️Global Peace Index- 115th
♟️World Happiness Report - 118th
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*🛡️Ashoka Rock Edicts Features Inscribed in Edicts*
*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
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