208939
UPSC Notes
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Science & Tech
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Indian Polity
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Rahul Bansal Air 251 , 2021
Geography Notes
#Topper_Notes
#Geography
Clock Question:
If it is 3:15 now, what will be the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand of the clock?
*Choose the correct answer:*
(A) 22.5 degrees 😂
(B) 30 degrees 👍
(C) 45 degrees 🙏
(D) 60 degrees 💓
*Answer using Emojis!*
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
Facts:
1. Date: April 13, 1919.
2. Location: Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
3. Incident: British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on a peaceful gathering of thousands of Indians.
4. Casualties: The exact number of casualties is disputed, but it is estimated that hundreds of unarmed civilians were killed, and over a thousand were injured.
5. Duration of Firing: The troops continued firing for about 10 minutes until they ran out of ammunition.
Importance:
1. Background: The massacre occurred during a period of unrest following the Rowlatt Act and the subsequent protests against it.
2. Motivation: Dyer claimed he wanted to create a 'moral lesson' and instill fear among the Indian population.
3. Public Outcry: The incident generated widespread condemnation, both in India and internationally, for its brutality against unarmed civilians.
4. Impact on Independence Movement: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre fueled anti-British sentiments, contributing significantly to the independence movement.
Consequences:
1. Hunter Commission: The British government appointed the Hunter Commission to investigate the incident, which criticized Dyer's actions.
2. Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in response to the massacre, urging Indians to resist British rule through nonviolent means.
3. Shift in Public Opinion: The massacre led to a shift in public opinion against British rule and strengthened the demand for self-rule.
4. Historical Legacy: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre remains a dark chapter in India's history, symbolizing the excesses of colonial rule.
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is remembered as a poignant example of British brutality and a catalyst for increased resistance, ultimately shaping the course of India's struggle for independence.
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Question (English):
If "APPLE" is coded as "5 16 16 12 5" using a certain logic, then how is "ORANGE" coded?
(A) 15 18 1 14 7 5. ❤️
(B) 12 9 5 2 15 22. 👌
(C) 15 18 7 12 5 5. 👍
(D) 18 15 1 14 7 5. 🙏
*Answer with Emojis:*
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सवाल (हिंदी):
यदि "APPLE" को किसी निश्चित तरीके से "5 16 16 12 5" कोड किया गया है, तो "ORANGE" कोड कैसे होगा?
(A) 15 18 1 14 7 5. ❤️
(B) 12 9 5 2 15 22. 👌
(C) 15 18 7 12 5 5. 👍
(D) 18 15 1 14 7 5. 🙏
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Question (English):
Which famous South Indian temple, known for its towering gopurams (entrance towers) and intricate Dravidian architecture, is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is one of the largest Hindu temples in India?
(A) Meenakshi Temple, Madurai. ❤️
(B) Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur. 👌
(C) Virupaksha Temple, Hampi. 👍
(D) Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram. 🙏
*Answer with Emojis:*
सवाल (हिंदी):
कौन सा प्रसिद्ध दक्षिण भारतीय मंदिर, जिसे उच्च गोपुरमों (प्रवेश शिखरों) और जटिल द्रविड़ स्थापत्य के लिए जाना जाता है, भगवान शिव को समर्पित है और यह भारत के सबसे बड़े हिन्दू मंदिरों में से एक है?
(A) मीनाक्षी मंदिर, मदुरै. ❤️
(B) बृहदीश्वरर मंदिर, तंजावुर. 👌
(C) विरुपाक्ष मंदिर, हम्पी. 👍
(D) कैलासनाथर मंदिर, कांचीपुरम. 🙏
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Major hill ranges in India for UPSC Prelims:
1. Himalayan Range:
- Location: Northern border of India.
- Highest Peak: Mount Everest.
- Divided into three parallel ranges - Greater Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas, and Outer Himalayas.
2. Western Ghats:
- Location: Along the western coast of India.
- States: Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Rich in flora and fauna.
3. Eastern Ghats:
- Location: Along the eastern coast of India.
- States: Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka.
- Generally lower in elevation compared to Western Ghats.
4. Aravalli Range:
- Location: Northwestern part of India, extending from Gujarat to Delhi.
- Oldest mountain range in India.
- Not as high as other ranges.
5. Vindhya Range:
- Location: Runs across central India.
- Acts as a watershed separating northern and southern India.
6. Satpura Range:
- Location: Central India.
- Flows parallel to the Vindhya Range.
- Known for the Satpura National Park.
7. Nilgiri Hills:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala.
- Connects the Western Ghats with the Eastern Ghats.
- Home to the Nilgiri tahr.
8. Cardamom Hills:
- Location: Southern part of Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Known for spice cultivation, particularly cardamom.
9. Siwalik Range:
- Location: Outermost range of the Himalayas.
- Made up of unconsolidated sediments.
Remember, understanding the geographical features of these hill ranges is crucial for the geography section of UPSC Prelims.
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UPPSC notification (Hindi)
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GS Notes
Prepared Cumulatively By
Shruti Sharma (AIR-1, CSE 21)
Mini Shukla (AIR-96, CSE21)
Stanzin Wangyal (IRS)
Vishakha Dagur
Social Issues Data
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Rahul Bansal Air 251 , 2021
Geography Notes
#Topper_Notes
#Geography
Jayant (AIR-59) CSE 2020
#Anthropology test copy
The Rowlatt Act, officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, was a law enacted by the British colonial authorities in India. Here are some key points:
Facts:
1. Year: Enacted in 1919 during the British colonial rule in India.
2. Purpose: The act was passed to control public unrest and suppress political activities deemed seditious.
3. Key Provisions: It allowed for the arrest and detention of individuals without trial, based on suspicion of being involved in revolutionary activities.
4. Duration: Initially, the act was intended to be in force for two years, but it was extended indefinitely.
Importance:
1. Background: The Rowlatt Act was a response to the unrest and political turmoil following World War I.
2. Civil Liberties: It curtailed civil liberties and drew widespread criticism for suppressing freedom of expression and assembly.
3. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The discontent arising from the Rowlatt Act played a role in the tragic Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar in 1919.
Consequences:
1. Protests: The act triggered protests across India, with leaders like Mahatma Gandhi opposing its draconian provisions.
2. Non-Cooperation Movement: The discontent fueled the Non-Cooperation Movement, a major campaign of nonviolent resistance against British rule.
3. Political Awakening: It contributed to the political awakening and mobilization of Indians against oppressive colonial laws.
4. Historical Significance: The Rowlatt Act is considered a significant event in India's struggle for independence, laying the groundwork for future movements.
This act played a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of India's freedom struggle, marked by increased resistance against British rule.
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Question:
*Choose the correct option for Rowwlatt Act*
A) It granted autonomy to provinces within British India. 😂
B) It imposed severe restrictions on civil liberties and allowed for detention without trial. 👍
C) It established the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms for constitutional reforms. 🙏
D) It initiated economic policies to address the agrarian crisis in rural India. ❤️
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Question (English):
Which ancient South Indian city, known for its architectural marvels including the Shore Temple and the Five Rathas, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was a significant port during the Pallava dynasty?
(A) Mahabalipuram. ❤️
(B) Kanchipuram. 👌
(C) Thanjavur. 👍
(D) Madurai. 🙏
*Answer with Emojis:*
सवाल (हिंदी):
कौन सा प्राचीन दक्षिण भारतीय शहर, जिसे शोर मंदिर और फाइव रथास सहित इसकी वास्तुकला के अद्भुतता के लिए जाना जाता है, एक यूनेस्को विश्व धरोहर स्थल है और पल्लव वंश के दौरान एक महत्वपूर्ण पोर्ट था?
(A) महाबलीपुरम. ❤️
(B) कांचीपुरम. 👌
(C) तंजावुर. 👍
(D) मदुरै. 🙏
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Amazon Rainforest* 🙏
The Amazon Rainforest is renowned as a biodiversity hotspot, characterized by an immense variety of plant and animal species. It is home to a significant number of endemic species and plays a crucial role in maintaining the Earth's ecological balance. The region's diverse ecosystems contribute significantly to the planet's biodiversity and are essential for global environmental health.
Short notes on the Fundamental Duties as outlined in the Indian Constitution:
1. Enforcement: Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, inspired by the Constitution of the Soviet Union.
2. Number of Duties: There are originally ten Fundamental Duties, but the 86th Amendment in 2002 added the 11th duty related to education of children.
3. Nature of Duties: Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by law, but they are moral and civic obligations.
4. Incorporation: Part IVA of the Constitution (Article 51A) contains the list of Fundamental Duties.
5. Citizen's Responsibility: These duties are aimed at promoting a sense of discipline and commitment among citizens towards building a just and harmonious society.
6. Harmony and Brotherhood: Fundamental Duties include promoting harmony, the spirit of common brotherhood, and the values of composite culture.
7. Education of Children: The 86th Amendment added the duty of parents to provide opportunities for education to their children between the ages of 6 and 14.
8. Respect for National Symbols: Duties include respecting the Constitution, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.
9. Preserving Environment: Citizens are expected to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
10. Safeguarding Public Property: It is the duty of every citizen to protect public property and to abjure violence.
Remember, Fundamental Duties are integral to the idea of a responsible and aware citizenry in the Indian democratic framework.