208939
UPSC Notes
Unemployment can take various forms, and there are several different types of unemployment. The main types of unemployment include:
1. Frictional Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when individuals are temporarily between jobs. It can be due to people entering the workforce for the first time, changing careers, or moving from one job to another. It is often considered a natural and relatively short-term form of unemployment.
2. Structural Unemployment: Structural unemployment arises from a mismatch between the skills and location of job seekers and the requirements and location of available job openings. This type of unemployment can persist over the long term and may require workers to acquire new skills or move to areas with more job opportunities.
3. Cyclical Unemployment: Cyclical unemployment is linked to the business cycle. When the economy is in a downturn or recession, businesses may reduce their workforce, leading to higher unemployment rates. Conversely, during economic expansions, unemployment decreases.
4. Seasonal Unemployment: Seasonal unemployment is associated with jobs that are only available during certain times of the year. For example, agricultural workers may be unemployed during the off-season or construction workers in areas with extreme weather.
5. Hidden Unemployment: Hidden unemployment refers to people who are not actively seeking employment and, therefore, are not counted in the official unemployment statistics. This can include discouraged workers who have given up looking for work or individuals who are underemployed.
6. Underemployment: Underemployment occurs when individuals have jobs, but these jobs do not fully utilize their skills or provide them with the level of income they desire. They are, in a sense, employed in positions that are below their qualifications or expectations.
7. Long-term Unemployment: Long-term unemployment refers to individuals who have been without work for an extended period, typically six months or more. It can be particularly challenging, as skills and motivation may erode over time, making reentry into the job market more difficult.
8. Educational Unemployment: Educational unemployment happens when individuals with higher education and advanced degrees cannot find jobs that match their qualifications. This can result from a lack of demand for specific skills or oversaturation of the job market in certain fields.
9. Disguised Unemployment: Disguised unemployment occurs when more people are engaged in a particular activity than is necessary for its efficient operation. Their contributions to the activity are marginal or even negligible.
The prevalence of these types of unemployment can vary depending on economic conditions and structural factors in a given country or region. Policymakers and economists often strive to address these different types of unemployment through various measures, including job training programs, economic stimulus, and labor market reforms.
Key terms related to the balance of payments and international transactions.
1. Balance of Payments (BOP): A record of all funds going in and out of a country, which tracks international transactions and helps assess a country's economic health in the global context.
2. Current Account (CA): A component of the balance of payments that records international transactions that do not create liabilities. It includes trade in goods and services, income earned or paid on investments, and unilateral transfers.
3. Capital and Financial Account (CFA): Another component of the balance of payments that records international transactions that do create liabilities. It encompasses official and private sales and purchases of financial assets, such as bonds, and reflects changes in a country's financial position.
4. Factor Income: The net of payments received and payments made on investments overseas. It includes income earned on investments in foreign countries, such as dividends or interest, and is part of the current account.
5. Remittances: Money received from another country that is not in exchange for a good, service, or financial asset. Remittances typically refer to funds sent by individuals working abroad to support their families or households in their home country.
*💠9वीं, 10वीं, 11वीं और 12वीं अनुसूची
🛡️नौवीं अनुसूची को मौलिक अधिकारों के उल्लंघन के आधार पर इसमें शामिल कानूनों को न्यायिक जांच से बचाने के लिए प्रथम संशोधन अधिनियम 1951 द्वारा जोड़ा गया था।
🛡️हालांकि, 2007 में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने फैसला सुनाया कि 24 अप्रैल, 1973 के बाद इस अनुसूची में शामिल कानून अब न्यायिक समीक्षा के लिए खुले हैं।
🛡️10वीं अनुसूची 1985 के 52वें संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा जोड़ी गई थी, जिसे दल-बदल विरोधी कानून के रूप में भी जाना जाता है।
🛡️11वीं अनुसूची 1992 के 73वें संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा जोड़ी गई थी। इसमें ऐसे प्रावधान शामिल हैं जो पंचायतों की शक्तियों, अधिकार और जिम्मेदारियों को निर्दिष्ट करते हैं। इसमें 29 मामले हैं.
🛡️12वीं अनुसूची 1992 के 74वें संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा जोड़ी गई थी। यह उन प्रावधानों से संबंधित है जो नगर पालिकाओं की शक्तियों, अधिकार और जिम्मेदारियों को निर्दिष्ट करते हैं। इसमें 18 बातें हैं।*
Drip irrigation :
1. More beneficial than traditional methods✅
2. drop only at root✅
3. hilly + coastal areas too useful✅
4. It permits use of saline water✅
5. substantial reduction in weed growth,soil erosion,high suitability in poor soils too, labour saving, fertilizers costs saving✅
6. 40-50% water shaving + 100% yield increase✅
7. Water loss or evaporation is reduced✅
8. Economic viable✅
Karnataka = world's single largest drip irrigation project✅✅✅
Shubham Kumar UPSC Rank - 1,
Example for ethics & essay
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Title: Mera Yuva Bharat: Empowering India's Youth
Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat) is set to launch on October 31, 2023, coinciding with National Unity Day. This initiative, aligned with the National Youth Policy, focuses on the holistic development of young Indians aged 10-29.
Objectives and Impact @CSEUPSCNOTES
MY Bharat's objectives include enhancing leadership skills through experiential learning, aligning youth aspirations with community needs, improving program efficiency, creating a centralized youth database, enhancing communication, and establishing a "phygital" ecosystem.
The Need for Mera Yuva Bharat
Recognizing the pivotal role of India's youth in shaping the nation's future, MY Bharat unites youth from diverse backgrounds, bridging the gap between rural, urban, and rurban areas. In a technology-driven world, it adapts to engage today's youth more effectively.
Youth Outreach
Supported by a robust technology platform, MY Bharat will significantly enhance the outreach efforts of the Department of Youth Affairs, allowing for more efficient engagement with the youth across the country.
जैव विविधता विरासत स्थल (बीएचएस) अच्छी तरह से परिभाषित क्षेत्र हैं जो अद्वितीय, पारिस्थितिक रूप से नाजुक पारिस्थितिक तंत्र हैं - स्थलीय, तटीय और अंतर्देशीय जल और, समुद्री समृद्ध जैव विविधता जिसमें निम्नलिखित घटकों में से एक या अधिक शामिल हैं: जंगली और साथ ही पालतू प्रजातियों की समृद्धि या अंतर-विशिष्ट श्रेणियां, उच्च स्थानिकता, दुर्लभ और संकटग्रस्त प्रजातियों की उपस्थिति, मुख्य प्रजाति, विकासवादी महत्व की प्रजातियां, घरेलू/खेती की गई प्रजातियों या उनकी किस्मों के जंगली पूर्वज, जीवाश्म बिस्तरों द्वारा दर्शाए गए जैविक घटकों की पूर्व-उत्कृष्टता और महत्वपूर्ण सांस्कृतिक , नैतिक या सौंदर्य मूल्य और सांस्कृतिक विविधता के रखरखाव के लिए महत्वपूर्ण हैं, उनके साथ मानव जुड़ाव के लंबे इतिहास के साथ या उसके बिना।
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Nallur Tamarind Grove: It is BHS, popularly believed to be a relic of the Chola Dynasty that ruled nearly 800 years ago, is spectacle of awesome wonder and a freakish site. This BHS spread over 54 acres comprising a population of nearly 300 trees, is a picture of dynamic pattern of plant diversity. The significant component of this popular structure is a group of old plants standing like ageless sentinels, firmly rooted to the ground with their gigantic trunks, along with large picturesque crowns spread very high and aloft like open wings.
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Vasant Dabholkar AIR 76
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QCI was indeed set up jointly by the Government of India and the Indian industry.
The Chairman of QCI is appointed by the Prime Minister on the recommendations of the industry to the government.
The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of
A) all import and export transactions of a country during a given period of time, normally a year
B) goods exported from a country during a year
C) economic transaction between the governments of one country to another
D) capital movements from one country to another
*💠9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Schedule
🛡️Ninth Schedule was added by 1st Amendment Act 1951 to protect the laws included in it from judicial scrutiny on the ground of violation of fundamental rights.
🛡️However, in 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the laws included in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are now open to judicial review.
🛡️10th Schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also known as Anti-defection Law.
🛡️11th schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. It contains the provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. It has 29 matters.
🛡️12th schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992. It deals with the provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters.*
Dr. Akshita Gupta AIR - 69, 2020
Quotes for essay and ethics. Must be included whenever needed.
Very important #Topper_Notes
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Indian Economy by Sriram's IAS
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Title: Mera Yuva Bharat: Empowering India's Youth
Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat) is set to launch on October 31, 2023, coinciding with National Unity Day. This initiative, aligned with the National Youth Policy, focuses on the holistic development of young Indians aged 10-29.
Objectives and Impact
MY Bharat's objectives include enhancing leadership skills through experiential learning, aligning youth aspirations with community needs, improving program efficiency, creating a centralized youth database, enhancing communication, and establishing a "phygital" ecosystem.
The Need for Mera Yuva Bharat
Recognizing the pivotal role of India's youth in shaping the nation's future, MY Bharat unites youth from diverse backgrounds, bridging the gap between rural, urban, and rurban areas. In a technology-driven world, it adapts to engage today's youth more effectively.
Youth Outreach
Supported by a robust technology platform, MY Bharat will significantly enhance the outreach efforts of the Department of Youth Affairs, allowing for more efficient engagement with the youth across the country.
Glory of Allapalli: It is a reserved forest being preserved as natural forest having biological, ethinical and historical values.
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“Biodiversity Heritage Sites” (BHS) are well defined areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems - terrestrial, coastal and inland waters and, marine having rich biodiversity comprising of any one or more of the following components: richness of wild as well as domesticated species or intra-specific categories, high endemism, presence of rare and threatened species, keystone species, species of evolutionary significance, wild ancestors of domestic/ cultivated species or their varieties, past pre-eminence of biological components represented by fossil beds and having significant cultural, ethical or aesthetic values and are important for the maintenance of cultural diversity, with or without a long history of human association with them. @CSEUPSCNOTES
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Vasant Dabholkar AIR 76
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UPSC 2024 Prelims/Mains Notes in Hindi and English Languages
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