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UPSC Notes
Mains Notes By Shubham Bhaisare, AIR 97, UPSC
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🌕 BIOETHICS
It is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.
Issues Related To Bioethics In India
● Abortion
● Euthanasia
● Surrogacy
● Organ donation
● Health care rationing
● Right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons.
- The scope of bioethics expanding with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic engineering, Astro ethics and life in space.
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For those preparing for CSE 2024 and not writing mains this year:
Now is the right time to get into the mains preparation.
Till December, one can focus more on Mains- GS and Optional papers
Download all the CSE Mains 2023 Papers. Right now, one can do the following exercise to improve one’s answer writing:
1) Link it with the Syllabus: Analyse the questions of GS1, 2,3,4 asked in Mains 2023 and link with syllabus. Analyse whether it is factual or analytical, static or current etc. Identify areas where questions are being asked more
2) Brainstorming: Try to first write some points (scribble)
3) Current Affairs: Linking the question with Current Affairs
4) Think of apt Introduction and conclusion
5) Answer Writing: Write a full 2 page/3 page answer with subheading and points/small paragraphs
6) Look for Topper’s mock answers: Before writing answers, one can look for mock test papers of Toppers for that particular GS. Idea is, to know structuring, number of words, sub heading etc
After writing answers also, one can compare and contrast it with topper’s copies and do peer review with friends
Best Wishes !!
Hindi Compulsory UPSC 2023
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“The best way to boost the economy is to redistribute wealth downward, as poorer people tend to spend a higher proportion of their income” - Ha-Joon Chang
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Shubham Bhaisare, AIR 97, CSE 2021
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Antriksh Jain AIR 130, 2021
Ethics Notes
♻️Teleological ethics
✅Teleological ethics is the theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved.
✅Consequentialism or teleological ethics is based on the premise that the morality of an action is contingent with the outcome of that action.
✅ It is also known as consequentialist ethics, it is opposed to deontological ethics (from the Greek Deon, “duty”), which holds that the basic standards for an action’s being morally right are independent of the good or evil generated
✅ Different types of Consequential ethics/ Teleological ethics include:-
a) Utilitarianism (Rule Utilitarianism, Act Utilitarianism)
b) Hedonism
c) Ethical Egoism
d) Ethical Altruism
e) Epicureanism
♻️Ethics for Public relationship:
✅Openness: Public relationships require transparency in their dealings. All parties are expected to provide complete information on all matters to each other for the sake of fairness. Openness also increases confidence of parties in each other.
For instance, companies are expected to publish their annual reports with all their financial details for the shareholders.
✅Honesty and integrity: It is expected that true information will be provided in public dealings without any errors or deception. Parties are also expected to remain true to their word and not break promises. For instance, in politics, promises given by politicians to people or other politicians must be kept or otherwise, they lose their credibility.
✅Respect: Due respect and courtesy is expected in public relationships in accordance with conventions, code of conduct etc. For example, we should behave politely and respectfully with our neighbours, strangers on the road etc.in order to ensure a stable and harmonious social order.
✅Rule of law: Parties in a public relationship must mutually abide by the law of the land and conduct their dealings accordingly. Rule of law is necessary to ensure equality and fairness among different entities and also to ensure justice in case of wrongdoing. For example, relationship between a consumer and seller is regulated by the Consumer Protection Act 1986.
✅Equality and uniformity: In public relationships, one must treat everyone equally and uniformly. This is necessary to ensure a level playing field, fair competition, quality service etc. For example, civil servants must treat all individuals equally irrespective of their caste, class, religion etc.
✅Accountability: In public dealings, we must hold ourselves accountable with same standards as we expect from others. Accountability is essential to enforcing the norms of public relationships. People want their administrators, politicians,
industries to be accountable to them.
Public Interest
✅The term ‘public interest’ means matters concerning welfare of the people. Civil service or public service is for the welfare of the people.
✅As such policies and their implementation should be guided by public interest or public welfare. All government works have the overriding motive of public interest.
✅Civil servants should be guided solely by public interestin their official decision making.
Cyber ethics
1. Obeying the law: Users of the internet must abide by the law of the land and not use internet for illegal activities such as hacking, defrauding, stalking, harassing etc.
2. Intellectual property rights: Content created online is often protected by copyrights which must be respected by other users. This is essential for innovation and authenticity on the web.
3. Privacy: Despite availability of modern technology like mass surveillance, spyware etc. users must respect each other’s privacy and dignity. Informed consent must be taken from users before their private information is obtained by online platforms.
4. Free and open internet: Governments, service providers and other stakeholders must ensure that internet remains open for all and free from any barriers. The recent demands for net neutrality aim to uphold this ethic of cyberspace.
5. Respect: Users are expected to show basic respect and courtesy in their behaviour online so as to provide a healthy and stable environment to all. Recent problems of trolling, abusing, shaming etc. highlight the importance of this ethic.
6. Public decency: Since internet is a public platform, users must ensure that their content is decent and appropriate for all audience including children. Offensive content like pornography, brutality must be avoided.
7. Honesty: In the age of social media, users apart from platforms can also create content of their own. Both user as well as platforms must create and share only true, complete and accurate information. Violation of this norm leads to the menace of fake news, rumour mongering etc. which ultimately goes on to undermine people’s faith in internet.
Ethics for Public relationship:
✅Openness: Public relationships require transparency in their dealings. All parties are expected to provide complete information on all matters to each other for the sake of fairness. Openness also increases confidence of parties in each other.
For instance, companies are expected to publish their annual reports with all their financial details for the shareholders.
✅Honesty and integrity: It is expected that true information will be provided in public dealings without any errors or deception. Parties are also expected to remain true to their word and not break promises. For instance, in politics, promises given by politicians to people or other politicians must be kept or otherwise, they lose their credibility.
✅Respect: Due respect and courtesy is expected in public relationships in accordance with conventions, code of conduct etc. For example, we should behave politely and respectfully with our neighbours, strangers on the road etc.in order to ensure a stable and harmonious social order.
✅Rule of law: Parties in a public relationship must mutually abide by the law of the land and conduct their dealings accordingly. Rule of law is necessary to ensure equality and fairness among different entities and also to ensure justice in case of wrongdoing. For example, relationship between a consumer and seller is regulated by the Consumer Protection Act 1986.
✅Equality and uniformity: In public relationships, one must treat everyone equally and uniformly. This is necessary to ensure a level playing field, fair competition, quality service etc. For example, civil servants must treat all individuals equally irrespective of their caste, class, religion etc.
✅Accountability: In public dealings, we must hold ourselves accountable with same standards as we expect from others. Accountability is essential to enforcing the norms of public relationships. People want their administrators, politicians,
industries to be accountable to them.
Why does your Stomach growl when you are hungry?
The growling sound you hear from your stomach when you're hungry is known as "borborygmi" (singular: borborygmus). It is a normal physiological response that occurs as a result of the movement and contraction of the muscles in your gastrointestinal tract.
When you haven't eaten for a while, your stomach and intestines go through a process called the migrating motor complex (MMC). The MMC is a cyclical pattern of contractions that helps move residual food particles, gas, and digestive secretions along the digestive system.
During the fasting phase, which occurs between meals or when you haven't eaten for some time, the MMC becomes more active. These contractions can create the rumbling or growling noises you hear.
The growling sounds are caused by the movement of gas and fluid in your intestines, as well as the contraction of muscles in the stomach and small intestine. The contractions can be quite forceful, and when they occur in the presence of air and fluid, they produce the characteristic rumbling sound.
It's important to note that borborygmi are not exclusive to hunger. They can also be caused by other factors, such as gas or the movement of stool through the digestive system. Additionally, some individuals may experience more noticeable stomach growling than others, even when they are not necessarily hungry.
Challenges to Internal Security of India👆👆👆
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The aim of education is to convert an empty mind into an open mind.
Education is the highest attainment in the world.
The name of the ability to cope with life's circumstances is education.
The work of a modern teacher is not to cut the forest but to irrigate the desert.
Two goals of good education are intelligence and characteristics.
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#Example
• Compassion
• People-Centered
• Pro-Poor HealthCare
• Public Spirited Individuals
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∆ Biohacking: is the practice of modifying and enhancing human biology and physiology, often using technological and genetic interventions, to improve various aspects of health, cognition, and physical capabilities.
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Marathi compulsory 2023
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West flowing river
"SAMANTA" are west flowing rivers
SA- SABARMATI
MA-MAHI
N- Narmada
TA-Tapti
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Shruti-Sharma-AIR - 1 2021
Answer copy
Arpit Sangal AIR 53 CSE 2021
Ethics answer copy
Lakshay Anand AIR 101 CSE 2021
Ethics Notes
♻️Empathy and Compassion
✅Empathy is an act of feeling another person's pain in the same way as he/she is feeling. On the other hand, compassion is about walking the extra mile to alleviate the pain of the person in pain.
✅Empathy helps you feel the pain of someone emotionally, whereas the compassionate person always has an inherent compassionate view for other human beings. Empathy is specific to the situation, whereas compassion is a permanent quality of the person for all other human beings.
E.g. Empathy would make you feel the pain upon hearing that your friend has lost his mother and compassion is what Mother Teresa had about all human beings.
♻️Administrative ethics
1. Transparency: Administration must not only adhere to transparency laws but must also voluntarily disclose all information to the public so that corruption and mala fide decisions are prevented and public knows the true picture of the government. Woodrow Wilson rightly said ‘corruption thrives in secret places, and avoids public places.’
2. Integrity: Integrity is often called the value of values. It demands that administrators must strongly and uncompromisingly uphold the values of civil service. It is said that if integrity is there, nothing else matters…if integrity is not there, nothing else matters.
Civil servants like Ashok Khemka, Sanjiv Chaturvedi are shining examples of integrity and inspire present and future civil servants.
3. Objectivity: Civil servants must take decisions in an objective manner based only on facts and logic without the undue influence of bias or prejudice. For example, a civil servant’s advice to politicians should not be based on personal beliefs but facts of the matter.
4. Compassion: In an underdeveloped country with widespread poverty and hunger, civil servants must show compassion towards the weaker sections in order to fulfil their needs. For instance, if a needy beneficiary under a scheme does not have valid documents, an officer should not simply reject the application but make efforts to get him necessary documents and provide him due benefits.
5. Dedication to public service: Governance in a democracy involves many challenges and pressures and hence, requires utmost dedication on the part of civil servants so that they can strive to serve the people despite the challenges. Such dedication ensures that civil servants remain motivated throughout their long careers. Recent UN Award for community policing to Bastar police shows the dedication of the police department of the district.
6. Impartiality: Civil servants should treat everyone equally regardless of their religion, class, caste etc. This is essential for rule of law and maintains people’s faith in democracy. Article 14 and 15 of the Indian Constitution establish the right to equality for all citizens of India.
Administrative ethics
1. Transparency: Administration must not only adhere to transparency laws but must also voluntarily disclose all information to the public so that corruption and mala fide decisions are prevented and public knows the true picture of the government. Woodrow Wilson rightly said ‘corruption thrives in secret places, and avoids public places.’
2. Integrity: Integrity is often called the value of values. It demands that administrators must strongly and uncompromisingly uphold the values of civil service. It is said that if integrity is there, nothing else matters…if integrity is not there, nothing else matters.
Civil servants like Ashok Khemka, Sanjiv Chaturvedi are shining examples of integrity and inspire present and future civil servants.
3. Objectivity: Civil servants must take decisions in an objective manner based only on facts and logic without the undue influence of bias or prejudice. For example, a civil servant’s advice to politicians should not be based on personal beliefs but facts of the matter.
4. Compassion: In an underdeveloped country with widespread poverty and hunger, civil servants must show compassion towards the weaker sections in order to fulfil their needs. For instance, if a needy beneficiary under a scheme does not have valid documents, an officer should not simply reject the application but make efforts to get him necessary documents and provide him due benefits.
5. Dedication to public service: Governance in a democracy involves many challenges and pressures and hence, requires utmost dedication on the part of civil servants so that they can strive to serve the people despite the challenges. Such dedication ensures that civil servants remain motivated throughout their long careers. Recent UN Award for community policing to Bastar police shows the dedication of the police department of the district.
6. Impartiality: Civil servants should treat everyone equally regardless of their religion, class, caste etc. This is essential for rule of law and maintains people’s faith in democracy. Article 14 and 15 of the Indian Constitution establish the right to equality for all citizens of India.
There is a very backward village which has a population of over 400 people. They used to send their children to a government-run school but due to poor quality of education they were unhappy and in search of any better alternative.
Few years back an NGO established one school in the same village and gradually, it was successful in imparting good education. Its popularity resulted into parents shifting their children from government-run school to NGO-run school. Parents were happy that their children were getting good education.
All their happiness has changed recently when the state government has sent a notice to the NGO-run school for its closure as it has not adhered to the provisions of the RTE Act 2009 and the school ignored the government past warnings.
Suppose you are the Sarpanch of the village then how will you tackle the following questions?
a) State with reasons your immediate steps for addressing the issues in the case study.
b) What you will be your long-term focus on schooling in the village? Give adequate reasons in support of your arguments.
♻️Media ethics
1. Independence: Media channels (print or electronic or digital) must be independent of the government and not have any political allegiance. The independence of the media not only leads to free speech and expression but also emboldens debate and dissent in democracy. Currently, in USA, certain media outlets are showing strength and resolve to question the policies of Trump administration despite direct criticism and denigration by the President himself.
2. Objectivity: Reports of media personnel should be based on facts and not personal bias or prejudice. Media must report all information from across the spectrum of opinion. It must also give due space to all shades of opinion as well as facts.
For example, recently Qatari government-owned news channel Al-Jazeera was restricted from operating in Jammu and Kashmir by Government of India for its biased coverage.
3. Sensationalism: The media’s role in a democracy is to provide the people with information in its purest form using which the people can make informed decisions. The media must avoid sensationalizing and scandalizing news for the purpose of marketing as it also leads to tensions, hyped emotions etc.
4. Editorial independence: Media outlets are commercial enterprises and need money to sustain themselves. However, the editorial and news reporting segments must be at an arm’s length from the commercial segments such as advertisements. For instance, governments might coerce newspapers against publishing criticism of the government in
exchange for commercial advertisements from the government. However, independent editorial department can check against that.
5. Ownership: Media entities must avoid concentrated ownership, especially in the hands of vested interests like politicians, businessmen and so on. Media ownership should be as publicly distributed as possible.
6. Responsibility and sensitivity: While reporting news, especially live reporting, media professionals must ensure that their coverage does not harm larger public interest.
While covering matters like terrorist attacks, wars etc. media should how reasonable responsibility towards national interest. While reporting on matters like riots, rapes etc.media must show basic sensitivity and not hurt the emotions or dignity of any individual or community.
7. Honesty: It must be ensured that information is completely and accurately shared with the public. No sort of information shall be withheld even if goes against the interest of the media outlet itself.
8. Accountability: Media should also account for its mistakes and take adequate action to remedy the wrongs. For instance, news programs must acknowledge errors in their reports and also bring out the correct information.
9. Means to obtain information: Right means should be used to obtain information and the privacy, dignity, trust etc. should be maintained. Methods like sting operations should be only used when they are found clearly in larger public interest and there should be clear guidelines for the matter.
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