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Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
Facts:
1. Date: April 13, 1919.
2. Location: Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
3. Incident: British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on a peaceful gathering of thousands of Indians.
4. Casualties: The exact number of casualties is disputed, but it is estimated that hundreds of unarmed civilians were killed, and over a thousand were injured.
5. Duration of Firing: The troops continued firing for about 10 minutes until they ran out of ammunition.
Importance:
1. Background: The massacre occurred during a period of unrest following the Rowlatt Act and the subsequent protests against it.
2. Motivation: Dyer claimed he wanted to create a 'moral lesson' and instill fear among the Indian population.
3. Public Outcry: The incident generated widespread condemnation, both in India and internationally, for its brutality against unarmed civilians.
4. Impact on Independence Movement: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre fueled anti-British sentiments, contributing significantly to the independence movement.
Consequences:
1. Hunter Commission: The British government appointed the Hunter Commission to investigate the incident, which criticized Dyer's actions.
2. Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in response to the massacre, urging Indians to resist British rule through nonviolent means.
3. Shift in Public Opinion: The massacre led to a shift in public opinion against British rule and strengthened the demand for self-rule.
4. Historical Legacy: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre remains a dark chapter in India's history, symbolizing the excesses of colonial rule.
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is remembered as a poignant example of British brutality and a catalyst for increased resistance, ultimately shaping the course of India's struggle for independence.
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GS Notes
Prepared Cumulatively By
Shruti Sharma (AIR-1, CSE 21)
Mini Shukla (AIR-96, CSE21)
Stanzin Wangyal (IRS)
Vishakha Dagur
The Rowlatt Act, officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, was a law enacted by the British colonial authorities in India. Here are some key points:
Facts:
1. Year: Enacted in 1919 during the British colonial rule in India.
2. Purpose: The act was passed to control public unrest and suppress political activities deemed seditious.
3. Key Provisions: It allowed for the arrest and detention of individuals without trial, based on suspicion of being involved in revolutionary activities.
4. Duration: Initially, the act was intended to be in force for two years, but it was extended indefinitely.
Importance:
1. Background: The Rowlatt Act was a response to the unrest and political turmoil following World War I.
2. Civil Liberties: It curtailed civil liberties and drew widespread criticism for suppressing freedom of expression and assembly.
3. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The discontent arising from the Rowlatt Act played a role in the tragic Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar in 1919.
Consequences:
1. Protests: The act triggered protests across India, with leaders like Mahatma Gandhi opposing its draconian provisions.
2. Non-Cooperation Movement: The discontent fueled the Non-Cooperation Movement, a major campaign of nonviolent resistance against British rule.
3. Political Awakening: It contributed to the political awakening and mobilization of Indians against oppressive colonial laws.
4. Historical Significance: The Rowlatt Act is considered a significant event in India's struggle for independence, laying the groundwork for future movements.
This act played a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of India's freedom struggle, marked by increased resistance against British rule.
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Question:
*Choose the correct option for Rowwlatt Act*
A) It granted autonomy to provinces within British India. 😂
B) It imposed severe restrictions on civil liberties and allowed for detention without trial. 👍
C) It established the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms for constitutional reforms. 🙏
D) It initiated economic policies to address the agrarian crisis in rural India. ❤️
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