208939
UPSC Notes
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IMPORTANT NOTICE
HPSC:- Haryana Public Service Commission Exam Calendar 2023
Consolidated list of examinations to be conducted from October 2023 to December 2023 is as under:
@cseupscnotes
Types of Indirect Taxes in India
🖍️Sales Tax
The tax that levies on the sales of goods. Union Government imposes the sales tax on the Inter-State sale, while the sale tax on Intra-state sale is levied by the State Government.
This tax is divided into three segments as Inter-State Sale, Sale during import/export and Intra-State sale.
🖍️Service Tax
This tax is an indirect tax that taxpayers have to pay service tax on paid services. Paid services are the telephone, tour operator, architect, interior decorator, advertising, health center, banking and financial service, event management, maintenance service, consultancy service.
The Interest on the service tax is 15%.
🖍️Value Added Tax
This type of tax is collected by the state government. For an example, if we purchase a good then we must pay an additional tax as Value Added Tax to the government.
VAT rate is decided based on nature of item and state.
🖍️Custom Duty and Octroi Tax
This tax is levied on those goods that are imported into India from outside.
The Custom Duty tax is paid at the port of entry in the country as the airport. This tax rate also varies over the nature of goods.
While the Octroi tax is charged on the goods entering the municipality.
🖍️Excise Duty
The is also an indirect tax that levies on the goods which, are produced within the country.
This tax is not related to the Custom Duty.
Excise Duty is also known as Central Value Added Tax
🛑Public Account Committee (PAC)
The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha and 7 from Rajya Sabha.
The term of office of the members is one year.
The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Since 1967, the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition.
Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) after it is laid in the Parliament.
🛑Foreign Travellers who visited India in Medieval Period during various ruler' s reign
1. Marco Polo from Italy : 1288-1292 AD : Pandya Kingdom
2. Ibn-e-Batuta from Morocco : 1333-1342 AD
: Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
3. Nicoloi Conti from Italy : 1420-1422 AD
: Dev Ray I (Vijay Nagar)
4. Tsang Hi from China : 1421-1431 AD : Jalaluddin of Bengal
5. Abdur Razzak-Ambassador from Iran : 1442-1443 AD : Dev Ray II (Vijay Nagar)
6. Athnasius Niketin from Russia : 1470-1474 AD : Mohammad III Bahmani
7. Bartholomu Diaz-Italian boat man : 1503-1508 AD : Deccan
8. Eduardo Barbosa-Portuguese : 1516-1518 AD : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
9. Domingo’s Paes—Portuguese : 1520-1522 A : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
10. Nuniz-Portuguese Merchant of Home
: 1535-1537 AD : Achyut Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
11. Anthony Monserrate Portuguese Priest
: 1578-1582 AD : Akbar
12. Ralph Fisch (First English traveller)
: 1585-1591 AD : Akbar
13. Ceaser Fredriseh (Portuguese traveller)
: 16th Century : Vijay Nagar
14. John Linscoten (Dutch) : 16th Century : Vijay Nagar
15. Lama Taranath (Tibetian Bauddha)
: 16th Century : Eastern India
16. Captain Hawkins (English traveller)
: 1608-1613 AD : Jahangir
17. William Fisch (English traveller)
: 1608-1612 AD : Jahangir
John Jurdan (Portuguese): 1608-1617 AD
: Jahangir
19. Nicholos Doughton (English Navy Officer)
: 1608-1615 AD: Jahangir
20. Nicholos Withurgton (English traveller)
: 1612-1616 AD: Jahangir
21. Thomas Coryat (English traveller)
: 1612-1617 AD: Jahangir
22. Sir Thomas Roe (English Ambassador)
: 1615-1619 AD: Jahangir
23. Pal Canning (English traveller)
: 1615-1625: Jahangir
24. Edward Terry (English Priest)
: 1616-1619 AD: Jahangir
25. Francisco Paelsert (Dutch): 1620-1627 AD
: Jahangir
26. Pietra Della Velle (Italy) : 1622-1660 AD
: Jahangir
27. John Loyatt (Dutch) : 1626-1633 AD
: Shahjahan
28. John Fryer (English): 1627-1681 AD
: Shahjahan
29. Peter Mundy (Italy): 1630-1634 AD
: Shahjahan
30. Tavernier (French Jeweller): 1641-1687 AD
: Shahjahan & Aurangzeb
31. Manucci (Italy): 1656-1687 AD
: Aurangzeb
32. Bernier (French Doctor): 1658-1668 AD
: Aurangzeb
33. Jean Thevnot (France): 1666-1668 AD
: Aurangzeb
34. Gammilly Careri (Italy): 1695-1697 AD
: Bijapur @cseupscnotes
🛑Terminologies during Gupta empire
*Amatya - Bureaucracy
*Mahadandanayak -War and justice department
*Khita -Barren land
*Bali - Religious tax
*Uparikara - Additional cess
*Udranga - Tax from permanent peasants
*Hiranya - Cash for
*Bhaga -1/6ch share of produce
"Bhoga - Flowers, fruits, milk, etc. given to king
*Kara -Additional cess
*Vata-bhu - Tax for wind and water gods
*Kshetra -Cultivable land
*Dandapasika - Head of police department
*Sarvadhyaksha - Head of central secretariat
*Ranabhandagarika - Officer in-charge of fulfilling military needs
*Mahasandhivi grahika - War, peace and foreign affairs
*Aprahata -Jungle or forest
"Vasti - Habitable land
*Grazing land - Gapacha Sarahgupta
🛑Republics of Sixth Century
Shaky of Kapilvastu -- This republic is situated on the northern boundary of the Nepal terai region. Its capital was Kapilvastu. Lord Buddha was born in this republic.
Bulli of Alkappa --- It was situated in the modern day of Shahbad and Muzaffarpur district of Bihar.
Kalam of Keshapatta -- Alara Kalam, the famous preacher of the Lord Buddha belongs to this republic.
Bhagga of Sumsugiri -- It was soread in modern day of Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh
Koliya of Ramagram -- Situated in the modern day of Rampur-Deoria region of Uttar Pradesh. It is belonged to Ikshwaku clan.
Malla -- It was situated in the modern day of Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh as well as Champaran and Saran district of Bihar. Initially, Chanadrakanta was the capital of the republic. Later, Kushinagar famous for mahaparinirvana of Buddha and Pava (associated with the death of Mahavir) were made the two capitals of Malla
Moriya of Pippalivan -- It has beed identified as Updhauli in Uttar Pradesh. They are considered as the ascendants of the Mauryas.
Videha of Mithila -- In the Buddhist era, it was part of Vajji Mahajanapada, but it gradually turned into a republic.
Lichchavi -- It was a confederation of republics. Vaishali was the capital which founded by King Vishal.
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Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer (using codes given below the lists) [1995]
List-I (Eras) List-II (Reckoned from)
A. Vikrama era 1. 3102 B.C.
B. Saka era 2. 320 A.D.
C. Gupta era 3. 78 A.D.
D. Kali era 4. 58 B.C.
5. 248 A.D.
The inaugural International Day of Zero Waste was celebrated on March 30, 2023. This significant day is dedicated to raising awareness about the importance of reducing waste, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting sustainable practices. It serves as a global reminder of our collective responsibility to adopt more eco-friendly lifestyles, reduce consumption, recycle, reuse, and make conscious choices to mitigate the environmental challenges posed by excessive waste generation. The International Day of Zero Waste encourages individuals, communities, and nations to take action towards a more sustainable and waste-free future.
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The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill of 2023 aims to bring about several changes and clarifications to the existing legislation. Its objectives include:
1. Removing Ambiguity: The bill seeks to eliminate any uncertainty or ambiguity in the application of the provisions of the existing Forest (Conservation) Act. This clarification can help in better implementation and enforcement of the law.
2. Increasing Forest Carbon Stock: One of the goals of the bill is to enhance forest carbon stock. This involves increasing the number of trees and forests through plantations and improved forest conservation practices. This is significant in the context of mitigating climate change as forests act as carbon sinks.
3. Unlocking Land for Development: The bill aims to free up land that is currently categorized as unrecorded forests. By doing so, it can make more land available for various development projects. This move is seen as a way to balance the need for economic development with environmental conservation.
4. Compensatory Afforestation: Additionally, the bill intends to facilitate compensatory afforestation. When land is used for development, it often involves cutting down trees. Developers are legally obligated to compensate for this loss by afforesting or reforesting an equivalent area. The bill may provide mechanisms to streamline and enforce this process.
Overall, the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill of 2023 aims to strike a balance between conservation efforts, carbon sequestration, and land use for development while ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.
The Pushkaralu festival, occurring every 12 years, is a major Hindu event celebrated mainly in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Key aspects include: @SecureIAS
1. Holy River Bath: Devotees take a sacred dip, believing it cleanses them spiritually.
2. Religious Significance: It marks Jupiter's entry into a zodiac sign of a specific river, enhancing its spiritual significance.
3. Spiritual Activities: Pujas, offerings, and blessings from priests and sadhus are common.
4. Cultural Celebrations: Processions, folk arts, music, dance, and traditional crafts are celebrated.
5. Temporary Fairgrounds: Special venues host food stalls, entertainment, and merchandise vendors.
6. Security and Environmental Awareness: Measures ensure safety and eco-friendly practices.
Pushkaralu unites people in faith, culture, and environmental stewardship along the sacred riverbanks.
"It doesn't matter how many 'resources' you have. If you don't know how to use them, it will never be enough."
/channel/cseupscnotes
✅ IMPORTANT HILLS
✓ Nilgiri hills- Tamil Nadu
✓Chali hill -Himachal Pradesh
✓ Matheran Hill Station -Maharastra
✓ Daringbad hill station-Odisha
✓ Amarkantak hill - Madhya Pradesh
✓ Barmura hill -Tripura
✓ Girnar Hill -Gujarat
✓ Satmala Hill --Maharasthra
✓Patkai Bum hills -Arunachal Pradesh
✓ Kudagu hills -Karnataka
✓ Darjeeling Hills --West Bengal Place of the thunderbolt
✓Gawilgarh Hills – Maharashtra
✓Harischandra Range - Maharashtra
✓Rajmahal Hills – Jharkhand
✓Garhjat Hills – Odisha
✓Sirumalai Hills – Tamil Nadu
✓Seshachalam Hills @cseupscnotes – Andhra Pradesh
✓Varusanadu Hills - Tamil Nadu
🐯𝐓𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 of States🐯
♓♓Assam♓♓
🐅Kaziranga Tiger Reserve
🐅Manas Tiger Reserve
🐅Nameri Tiger Reserve
🐅Orang Tiger Reserve
♓♓Arunachal Pradesh♓♓
🐅Namdapha Tiger Reserve
🐅Pakhui Tiger Reserve
♓♓Andhra Pradesh♓♓
🐅Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
♓♓Bihar♓♓
🐅Valmiki National Park
♓♓Chhattisgarh♓♓
🐅Achanakmar Tiger Reserve
🐅Indravati Tiger Reserves
🐅Udanti & Sitanadi Tiger Reserve
♓♓Jharkhand♓♓
🐅Palamau Tiger Reserve
♓♓Karnataka♓♓
🐅Bandipur Tiger Reserve
🐅Nagarhole Tiger Reserve
🐅Bhadra Tiger Reserve
🐅Anshi Dandeli Tiger Reserve
♓♓Kerala♓♓
🚡Periyar Tiger Reserve
🚡Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
♓♓Madhya Pradesh♓♓
🚡Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve
🚡Satpura Tiger Reserve
🚡Kanha Tiger Reserve
🚡Panna Tiger Reserve
🚡Pench Tiger Reserve
🚡Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve
♓♓Maharashtra♓♓
🚡Melghat Tiger Reserve
🚡Pench Tiger Reserve
🚡Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project
🚡Sahyadri Tiger reserve
🚡Nagzira-Navegaon Tiger Reserve
🚡Bor Tiger Reserve
♓♓Mizoram♓♓
🚡Dampa Tiger Reserve
♓♓Odisha♓♓
🚡Satkosia Tiger Reserve
🚡Simlipal Tiger Reserve
♓♓Rajasthan♓♓
🚠Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve
🚡Ranthambore Tiger Reserve
🚝Sariska Tiger Reserve
♓♓Tamil Nadu♓♓
🍀Anamalai Tiger Reserve
🚝Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
🚠Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
🚡Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
♓♓Telangana♓♓
🚡Kawal Tiger Reserve
🚡Nagarjunsagar
🚡Srisailam Tiger Reserve
♓♓Uttar Pradesh♓♓
🚡Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
🚡Pilibhit Tiger Reserve
♓♓Uttarakhand♓♓
🚠Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve
🚠Rajaji National Park
♓♓West Bengal♓♓
🚠Buxa Tiger Reserve
🚠Sunderbans Tiger Reserve
/channel/cseupscnotes
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Direct Tax
These types of taxes are directly paid to the government of India by individual/entity
Types of Direct Taxes in India
A. Income Tax
This tax is well known in India. This tax is paid by the taxpayer whose income exceeds the taxable limit. The taxpayers have to pay tax on applicable rates. As per income tax rate for F.Y 2018-19, we do not have to pay income tax if your income is up to INR 2,50,000. But if your earning exceeds 2.5 lakhs then you have to pay 5% tax as income tax up to INR 5 lakhs of Income. Rebate of 2500/- is available for total income up to 3.5 lacs.
B.Capital Gains Tax
Capital gain tax is the tax that has to be borne by the individual/entity at the time of sale of any capital asset for instance property, shares, bonds and valuable material etc . It is levied on the difference between sale price and purchase cost (or indexed cost).
Capital gain can be long term or short term on the basis of holding period of the capital assets. For instance, for immovable property, if holding period is greater than 24 months then it will be treated as long term capital gain.
Tax rate for short term and long term capital gain differs based on their nature.
C. Securities Transaction Tax
Securities transaction tax (STT) was introduced in the 2004 Union Budget and came into effect from 1 October 2004.The basic motive behind introduction of Securities transaction tax (STT) was to curb curb evading of taxes on profits from capital gains earned by transacting in securities. This tax is levied at the time of purchase and sale of securities listed on stock exchanges in India. The rate of STT differs based on the type of security traded and whether the transaction is a purchase or a sale.
D. Fringe Benefit Tax
Tax paid on fringe benefits provided by the company to employees. This is separate to income tax and is calculated on the taxable value of the fringe benefits provided.
E. Corporate Tax
Corporate tax also called corporation tax is levied on the income of corporate bodies of our country. In India, the taxation companies are divided into international and domestic companies.
Foreigners & Refugees Rights in India
Foreigners are entitled to limited constitutional protection.
These include protection of the equality under Article 14 of the Indian Constitution and protection of life and liberty under Article 21 of Indian Constitution.
They are also entitled to the protection of right recognised under article 20, 22, 25, 28, 32. All these articles are applicable both for citizens and non citizens.
Article 14 guarantees equality before law and equal protection of law. The executive distinguishes foreigners according to their needs and deal with them differently based on intelligible differentia having the nexus with the object.
Article 21 deals with the protection of life and personal liberty. The Supreme Court has reinterpreted Article 21 to include a substantive due process law which is followed against the state action.
Article 20 deals with Ex post facto law, right against double jeopardy and right against self incrimination.
Article 22 deals with right against arrest and detention.
Article 25-28 deals with right to freedom of conscience and free practice and propagation of religion.
Article 32 grants the right to move to the Supreme Court for enforcement of these above fundamental rights.
🛑Buddha's Life
Sarnath – The Deer Park adjoining the Archaeological Complex at Sarnath that the Buddha is believed to have delivered his first sermon, Dharmachakrapravartana, after he attained enlightenment under a Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya.
Rajgir – It was the capital of Magadh Kingdom. It was here that Gautama Buddha spent several months meditating, and preaching at Gridhra-kuta, (Vulture peak).
He also delivered some of his famous sermons and initiated king Bimbisara of Magadha and countless others to Buddhism.
It was here that Budhha delivered his famous Atanatiya Sutra.
Sravasti – It was the capital of ancient Kosala kingdom and is sacred to the Buddhists because it is here that Lord Buddha performed the greatest of his miracles to confound the Tirthika heretics.
These miracles include Buddha creating multiple images of himself, which has been a favourite theme of Buddhist art. Buddha showed his divine prowess to impress upon the non-believers.
The Buddha passed the greater part of his monastic life in Sravasti.
Vulture peak – One of the several sites frequented by the Buddha and his community of disciples for both training and retreat.
Kesariya – Kesariya Stupa is a Buddhist stupa in Kesariya, located at a distance of 110 kilometres from Patna, in the Champaran (east) district of Bihar, India.
The first construction of the Stupa is dated to the 3rd century BCE.
Kesariya Stupa has a circumference of almost 400 feet (120 m) and raises to a height of about 104 feet.
Vaishali – It is said that the Buddha visited this place thrice and spent quite a long time here.
The Buddha also delivered his last sermon at Vaishali and announced his Nirvana here.
Kushinagar – It is one of the four sacred places of Lord Buddha. Buddha delivered his last sermon, attained Mahaparinirvana (salvation) in 483 BC and was cremated at Rambhar Stupa.
🛑Terms used during Sultanate period
*Kharaj : Land tax from Hindu chiefs and land lords
* Khalisa : Crown lands
*Iqtas : Land granted to followers and officers (usually military)
*Ghari : House tax
*Gharai : Grazing tax
*Kismat-i-khoti : Cess by headmen for themselves
*Zakat Alms : tax on Muslims only
*Ghanima : Plunder of war (4/5)
*Muzari : Peasant
*Muqta : Holders of Iqta
*Khams : One fifths of spoils of war
*Abwabs : Cesses
*Balahars Khut Muquddams : Village menials and headmen of villages
*Sondhar : Loans granted by Mohd. Bin Tughlaq
*Ras Batai : After separating the grain from the chaff
*Masahat : On the basis of measurement of land
Nasq : On the basis of estimate
*Muqtai : Mixed System
*Waqf : Land grant to religious
*Milk or Inam : Land granted to grantees perpetually
*Khet Batai : Land revenue fixed on the basis of standing crop
*Lank Batai : Without separating the grain from the chaff
🛑Taxes during Mauryan Empire
*Praveshya - Import tax
*Niskashya - Export tax
*Setu - Irrigation tax
*Khani - Revenue from mines
*Bhisti - Force labour
*Agronomoi - Tax officials
*Durga - Revenue from city
Akshat Kaushal - AIR 55, Sociology, Paper-1 notes.pdf
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Question- Which of the following is/are correctly matched ?
1. Bhola Cyclone – Bangladesh
2. Cyclone Fani – Odisha
3. Cyclone Nisarga – Maharashtra, Gujarat
4. Cyclone Nivar -Tamil Nadu and Puducherry
5. Cyclone Burevi –Tamil Nadu and Kerala
Options
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
B. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2 and 3 only
Shankar IAS Academy is delighted to announce that Mr. Shabbir A. Bashir sir (one of India's leading faculties for Geography Optional for UPSC CSE) will be taking the Optional Enrichment Programme Orientation Class
👉Open to All
👉Date - 23rd Sep, 2023
👉Time - 4 pm to 6 pm
☎️Call: 9962009136
The establishment of a seed bank for native plant species in the Aravallis is a crucial initiative taking shape at the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary. This seed bank serves several important purposes:
1. Biodiversity Conservation: It plays a vital role in preserving the genetic diversity of native plant species in the Aravalli region. By collecting and storing seeds, it helps protect these species from potential extinction.
2. Ecological Restoration: The seeds collected can be used for ecological restoration efforts within the sanctuary and the broader Aravalli region. They can aid in reforestation and habitat restoration projects.
3. Climate Resilience: Native plant species are often better adapted to local climatic conditions. Preserving their seeds can contribute to climate resilience and adaptation by maintaining the genetic diversity of region-specific plants.
4. Research and Education: The seed bank can serve as a valuable resource for scientific research and education. Researchers and students can study these seeds to better understand the unique flora of the Aravallis.
5. Conservation Outreach: It allows for outreach and education programs to raise awareness about the importance of preserving native plant species and the role of seed banks in conservation.
In summary, the establishment of a seed bank at the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary is a significant step toward preserving the ecological and genetic heritage of the Aravalli region, supporting conservation efforts, and enhancing the overall biodiversity and resilience of the area.
The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is a non-profit charitable organization established in 1984 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Its mission is to promote heritage awareness and conservation in India. Here are some key points about INTACH:
1. Founding: INTACH was founded in 1984 with the aim of preserving and promoting India's rich cultural and architectural heritage.
2. Scope: It has grown to become one of the world's largest heritage organizations, with over 190 Chapters throughout India.
3. Headquarters: INTACH is headquartered in New Delhi and operates through various divisions, including Architectural Heritage, Natural Heritage, Material Heritage, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Heritage Education and Communication Services (HECS), Crafts and Community Cell, Chapters, INTACH Heritage Academy, Heritage Tourism, Listing Cell, and Library, Archives, and Documentation Centre.
4. International Recognition: In 2007, INTACH received special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, highlighting its global significance in the field of heritage preservation.
INTACH plays a crucial role in conserving India's diverse cultural and architectural heritage and works to raise awareness about the importance of preserving this heritage for future generations.
Brief details about Hills in INDIA by @SecureIAS
1. Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: Known for lush tea and coffee plantations, shola forests.
- Fauna: Home to Nilgiri Tahr, Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, and various bird species.
- Ecotone: Forms an ecotone between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, resulting in unique biodiversity.
2. Chail Hill, Himachal Pradesh:
- Location: A serene hill station.
- Flora: Dense deodar and pine forests.
- Fauna: Diverse bird species, including the cheer pheasant and kalij pheasant.
- Ecotone: Part of the Himalayan ecotone, providing habitat for several species. @cseupscnotes
3. Matheran Hill Station, Maharashtra:
- Location: Pollution-free hill station near Mumbai.
- Flora: Diverse plant species, including evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Various bird species and some reptiles.
- Ecotone: Situated in the Western Ghats, offering a transition zone for biodiversity.
4. Daringbadi Hill Station, Odisha:
- Location: Known as the "Kashmir of Odisha."
- Flora: Surrounded by pine forests and coffee plantations.
- Fauna: Variety of bird species and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Located in the Eastern Ghats, contributing to regional biodiversity.
5. Amarkantak Hill, Madhya Pradesh:
- Location: A pilgrimage town where rivers originate.
- Flora: Surrounded by lush forests and medicinal plants.
- Fauna: Home to various bird species and smaller mammals.
- Ecotone: Marks the meeting point of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, creating a unique ecotone.
6. Barmura Hill, Tripura:
- Location: Known for its scenic beauty.
- Flora: Covered in tropical and subtropical forests.
- Fauna: Rich in avian biodiversity and unique reptiles.
- Ecotone: Located in northeastern India, connecting various ecosystems.
7. Girnar Hill, Gujarat:
- Location: Significant pilgrimage site for Hindus and Jains.
- Flora: Mix of deciduous and evergreen vegetation.
- Fauna: Known for diverse birdlife and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.
8. Satmala Hill, Maharashtra:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: Features deciduous and evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Home to various bird species and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Contributes to the unique biodiversity of the Western Ghats.
9. Patkai Bum Hills, Arunachal Pradesh:
- Location: Part of the Eastern Himalayas.
- Flora: Covered in lush tropical rainforests.
- Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife, including endangered species.
- Ecotone: Connects the Indo-Burma and Himalayan ecosystems, resulting in high biodiversity.
10. Kudagu Hills, Karnataka:
- Location: Also known as Coorg, famous for coffee plantations.
- Flora: Features coffee and spice plantations, evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Ideal for birdwatching with numerous avian species.
- Ecotone: Part of the Western Ghats, contributing to the region's rich biodiversity.
These hills not only provide breathtaking landscapes but also serve as important ecological zones, supporting a wide range of plant and animal life due to their unique positioning within India's diverse ecosystems.
UPSC Prelims 2024 Exam Details
UPSC Mains 2024 Exam Details
One District One Product (ODOP) is an initiative towards realizing the true potential of a District to promote locally manufactured products in line with "Vocal for Local".
ODOP initiative is operationally merged with 'Districts as Export Hub being implemented by DGFT, Department of Commerce, with Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
Districts as Export Hub is a key feature of India's New Foreign Trade Policy 2021-26 to bring the aspect of planning and execution of International Trade to the District level.
Objective & Significance
( To convert each District into an Export Hub by identifying "products with export potential" in the District.
Boosting exports, both merchandise and services, by addressing domestic and overseas constraints related to the policy, regulatory and operational framework. Supporting local exporters, manufacturers to scale up manufacturing
Find potential buyers outside India for promoting exports, manufacturing & services industry in the District
Employment generation in the District.
The Department of Commerce through DGFT - the Director General of Foreign Trade is engaging with Central and State/UT governments agencies to implement ODOP initiative in all districts of the country in a phased manner.
#ODOP
◆ राजस्थान
1. केवला देवी राष्ट्रीय उद्यान
2. रणथ्मभोर राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. सरिस्का राष्ट्रीय उद्यान
4. डैजर्ट राष्ट्रीय पार्क
5. दर्रा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
6. घना पक्षी राष्ट्रीय पार्क
7. केवला देवी राष्ट्रीय पार्क
8. ताल छापर अभ्यारण्य
9. माउंट आबू वाईल्ड लाइफ सैंचुरी
◆ मध्य प्रदेश
1. कान्हा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. पेंच राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. पन्ना राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. सतपुड़ा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
5. वन विहार पार्क
6. रुद्र सागर झील राष्ट्रीय पार्क
7. बांधवगढ नेशनल पार्क
8. संजय नेशनल पार्क
9. माधव राष्ट्रीय पार्क
10. कुनो नेशनल पार्क
11. माण्डला प्लांट फौसिल राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆अरुणाचल प्रदेश
1. नामदफा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ हरियाणा
1. सुलतानपुर राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. कलेशर राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ उत्तर प्रदेश
1. दूदवा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. चन्द्रप्रभा वन्यजीव विहार
◆ झारखंड
1. बेतला राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. हजारीबाग राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. धीमा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ मणिपुर
1. काइबुल लाम्झो राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. सिरोही राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ सिक्किम
1. खांचनजोंगा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ त्रिपुरा
1. क्लाउडेड राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ तमिलनाडु
1. गल्फ आफ मनार राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. इन्दिरा गांधी ( अन्नामलाई ) राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. प्लानी हिल्स राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. मुकुरूथी नेशनल पार्क
5. गुनीडे नेशनल पार्क
◆ ओडिसा
1. भीतरगनिका राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. सिंमली राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. नन्दनकानन राष्ट्रीय चिड़ीयाघर
4. चिल्का झील अभयारण्य
◆ मिजोरम
1. माउन्टेन राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. मुरलेन राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. फांगपुई नेशनल पार्क
4. डाम्फा अभ्यारण्य
◆ जम्मू-कश्मीर
1. दाचीग्राम राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. सलीम अली राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. किस्तवाड़ राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. हैमनिश नेशनल पार्क
5. जैव मण्डल रीजर्व , श्रीनगर
◆ पश्चिम बंगाल
1. सुन्दरवन राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. बुक्सा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. जलधपारा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. गोरूवारा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
5. सिंघालिला राष्ट्रीय पार्क
6. नियोरा वैली नेशनल पार्क
◆ असम
1. मानस राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. काजीरंगा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. नामेरी राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. राजीव गांधी ओरांग पार्क
5. डिब्रूगढ़ शेखोवाल राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ आंध्र प्रदेश
1. कसरू ब्रह्मानंदा रेड्डी नेशनल पार्क
2. इन्दिरा गाँधी प्राणी विज्ञान पार्क
3. मरूग