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UPSC Notes
ECONOMICS CH 7 POPULATION
• POPULATION EXPLOSION
- Death rate has fallen rapidly and not the birth rate to that extent which results in rise in population known as population explosion.
- 1931 to 2011 continuous rise in population.
- population = 36.1 crores in 1931 and 121.02 crores in 2011.
- 2.5% annual growth rate.
- 1970 is population explosion year.
- First population census in 1871 with initiative of Jamshedji Tata.
- First systematic census conducted in 1891.
- First census of independent India in 1951.
• SIZE AND GROWTH RATE OF INDIA'S POPULATION.
- Slow growth during 1901-1921 i.e 0.57%
- 1911-1921 decrease in population -0.03 due to diseases like maleria, plague etc
- 1921 is year of great divide.
- Population increases by 170 lakhs (Australia) every year.
• GENDER RATIO
- no. Of females per 1000 males.
- Kerala 1084 & Haryana 879.
- Reasons of low women : Due to not giving attention to nutrition, health, education and overall upbringing of daughters.
- Dowry system, early marriage, frequent child birth leads high death of women.
• RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION
- Urban Rural population influenced by employment, education, health, social life, quality of life, economic growth, electricity, schools, colleges, medical treatment, etc
- Urban population= 2.6 crore in 1901 rose to 38 crore in 2011.
- rural population=21.2 crore to 83.02 crore.
• BIRTH RATE
- no. of children born every 1000 children.
- Birth rate in 1951 is 39.9 & in 2011 is 21.8
• CAUSES OF HIGH BIRTH RATE
- social factor
- universality of marriage
- Early marriage & widow remarriage
- Preference for male child
- Joint family system
- Economic factor
- Low level of Education.
- Low income.
- High Infant mortality rate.
- other factor
- High fertility rate
- Lack of family education.
• DEATH RATE
- Deaths per 1000 persons.
- Death rate = 27.4 in 1951 & 7.1 in 2011.
• CAUSES OF HIGH DEATH RATE
- Improvement in standard of living
- control over Epidemics
- control on drought
- Protection against Natural calamities C transportation facilities.
• MEASURES TO CONTROL POPULATION
- Mass Education & awareness
- Electiveness of family planning Programme
- Increasing age of Marriage & Raising status of women
- Incentives and Dencentives
- Expansion in Medical services and its growing Effectiveness.
• INDIA IS THE FIRST COUNTRY TO INTRODUCE POPULATION POLICY 2000 UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF DR. M S SWAMINATHAN.
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Smishing:
It is a combination of short message service (SMS - also known as text messaging) and phishing (the act of emailing someone with the intent of obtaining personal information that can be used for identity theft).
In this case, fraudster sends message over SMS, rather than Email. Smishing message may look like
"You have won a 2 free tickets to an Amusement Park, visit this website to claim your prize".
Clicking on the link may lead you to a website asking for personal information.
These are becoming more common due to smart phones becoming more popular. @UPSCPrelimsGuidance
Consumption Goods?
• Goods like food and clothing, and services like recreation that are consumed when purchased by their ultimate consumers
• also known as consumer goods.
• Includes services which are consumed but for convenience we may refer to them as consumer goods. @Commerce_Accountancy
Tax and Non Tax revenue receipts
•The receipts that do not create any liabilities and do not lead to a claim on the government are called revenue receipts.
•These revenue receipts are non-redeemable and can be classified into two categories, namely: tax revenue and non-tax revenue.
Tax revenues are the vital components of revenue receipts like direct taxes, enterprises, and indirect taxes such as customs duties, excise taxes, and service tax.
Non-tax revenues, on the other hand, are the recurring income that is earned from sources other than taxes by the government.
Some of the major sources of non-tax revenue are mentioned below:
•Interests
•Power Supply Fees: This includes fees received by the central power authority of any nation. In the case of India, this includes fees received by the Central Electricity Authority.
•Fees: They are the charges that cover the cost of recurring services that are provided and imposed by the government.
•Fines and Penalties
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Common mistakes committed by the candidates in Papers
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Venture Capital: Entrepreneurs need investments for their start-up companies.
The investments or the capital that these entrepreneurs receive from wealthy investors is called Venture Capital and the investors are called Venture Capitalists.
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2 Types of Open Market Operations by RBI
1. Outright Purchase (PEMO) – this is permanent and involves the outright selling or buying of government securities.
2.Repurchase Agreement (REPO) – this is short-term and are subject to repurchase.
CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION
(i) Wear and Tear due to Use of the
(ii) Accidents
(iii) Obsolescence’s
(iv) Depletion
(v) Expiration of certain legal
(vi) Physical factors.
(vii) Inadequacy
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There is nothing more dreadful than the habit of doubt. Doubt separates people. It is a poison that disintegrates friendships and breaks up pleasant relations. It is a thorn that irritates and hurts; it is a sword that kills.
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Challenges to Internal Security of India👆👆👆
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The aim of education is to convert an empty mind into an open mind.
Education is the highest attainment in the world.
The name of the ability to cope with life's circumstances is education.
The work of a modern teacher is not to cut the forest but to irrigate the desert.
Two goals of good education are intelligence and characteristics.
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#Example
• Compassion
• People-Centered
• Pro-Poor HealthCare
• Public Spirited Individuals
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∆ Biohacking: is the practice of modifying and enhancing human biology and physiology, often using technological and genetic interventions, to improve various aspects of health, cognition, and physical capabilities.
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Marathi compulsory 2023
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West flowing river
"SAMANTA" are west flowing rivers
SA- SABARMATI
MA-MAHI
N- Narmada
TA-Tapti
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Vishing:
It is an attempt of a fraudster to take confidential details from you over a phone call. Details like user id, login & transaction password, OTP (One time password), URN (Unique registration number), Card PIN, Grid card values, CVV or any personal parameters such as date of birth, mother's maiden name, Aadhaar. Fraudsters claim to represent banks on the pretext of helping the customer for KYC/Aadhaar Updation/Verification/Refund of amount/Card Activation/Limit Enhancement/Card Issuance, etc. and attempt to trick customers into providing their personal and financial details over the phone by guiding them to download Quick Support/Any Desk/Team Viewer/Any other unknown mobile applications and gather unique access code to gain access of their Mobile/System. The details gathered through remote access will be used to conduct fraudulent activities on their account/card leading to financial loss.
Users are requested to check the authenticity of the links or contact details of the authorized merchant/owners while browsing through freeware softwares available on the Internet. There are many fake contact available on the internet and Fraudsters may take advantage of the situation and misguide you to steal Credit/Debit/NetBanking credentials through Vishing calls or through Vishing Remote access by taking control over the mobile/system. Customers are requested to stay safe on such Spams and not to share or access any unknown links/Mobile Apps to prevent frauds.
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Capital Goods?
• Goods that are of durable character which are used in the production process.
• E.g. tools, implements and machines.
• they make production of other commodities feasible
• Don’t get transformed in the production process.
• They are also final goods yet they are not final goods to be ultimately consumed. @Commerce_Accountancy
A bill of exchange is an instrument in
writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay
ascertain sum of money only to or to the order of ascertain person, or to the bearer of the
instrument”
Features/Characteristic or Essentials of a bill of exchange
(1) It must be in writing.
(2) It must contain an order to pay.
(3) The order contained in the bill must be unconditional
(4) It must be signed by the maker or drawer.
(5) The drawee (on whom the bill is drawn ) must be certain.
(6) The amount payable must be certain and it should be in money only.
(7) The payee must be certain.
(8) it must be stamped as per the requirement of law.
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OMR Sheet with Marks fields in the bottom, for self assessment.
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Venture Capital vs angel investor
Both provide money to startup companies,
venture capitalists are professional investors who invest in a broad portfolio of new companies and provide hands-on guidance and leverage their professional networks to help the new firm.
Angel investors, on the other hand, tend to be wealthy individuals who like to invest in new companies more as a hobby or side-project and may not provide the same expert guidance. Angel investors also tend to invest first and are later followed by VCs
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Leadership – Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and example.
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✅ Open Market Operation (OMO) means buying and selling of government securities in the open market by the central bank of a country (RBI in India).
•When the central bank wants to infuse liquidity into the monetary system, it will buy government securities in the open market. This way it provides commercial banks with liquidity.
•In contrast, when it sells securities, it curbs liquidity.
• Thus, the central bank indirectly controls the money supply and influences short-term interest rates.
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Mains Notes By Shubham Bhaisare, AIR 97, UPSC
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🌕 BIOETHICS
It is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.
Issues Related To Bioethics In India
● Abortion
● Euthanasia
● Surrogacy
● Organ donation
● Health care rationing
● Right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons.
- The scope of bioethics expanding with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic engineering, Astro ethics and life in space.
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For those preparing for CSE 2024 and not writing mains this year:
Now is the right time to get into the mains preparation.
Till December, one can focus more on Mains- GS and Optional papers
Download all the CSE Mains 2023 Papers. Right now, one can do the following exercise to improve one’s answer writing:
1) Link it with the Syllabus: Analyse the questions of GS1, 2,3,4 asked in Mains 2023 and link with syllabus. Analyse whether it is factual or analytical, static or current etc. Identify areas where questions are being asked more
2) Brainstorming: Try to first write some points (scribble)
3) Current Affairs: Linking the question with Current Affairs
4) Think of apt Introduction and conclusion
5) Answer Writing: Write a full 2 page/3 page answer with subheading and points/small paragraphs
6) Look for Topper’s mock answers: Before writing answers, one can look for mock test papers of Toppers for that particular GS. Idea is, to know structuring, number of words, sub heading etc
After writing answers also, one can compare and contrast it with topper’s copies and do peer review with friends
Best Wishes !!
Hindi Compulsory UPSC 2023
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“The best way to boost the economy is to redistribute wealth downward, as poorer people tend to spend a higher proportion of their income” - Ha-Joon Chang
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