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UPSC Notes
The correct answer is indeed (d) 1, 2, and 3.
All three of the mentioned groups - Cnidarians, Fungi, and Protozoa - can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms:
1. Cnidarians: Cnidarians include creatures like corals and sea anemones. They can form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with certain types of algae (e.g., zooxanthellae). The algae live inside the tissues of the cnidarians and provide them with nutrients through photosynthesis, while the cnidarians offer protection and a stable environment for the algae.
2. Fungi: Fungi are known for forming various types of symbiotic relationships. One of the most well-known examples is mycorrhizal associations, where fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. The fungi help the plants absorb nutrients from the soil, and in return, they receive carbohydrates produced by the plants.
3. Protozoa: Protozoa are a diverse group of single-celled organisms. Some protozoa can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms. For example, certain protozoa can live symbiotically in the guts of termites and help digest cellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant material.
So, all three groups have species that can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms, making option (d) the correct answer.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is involved in several important indices and reports that cover a wide range of economic and trade-related topics. Here are some key reports and indices associated with UNCTAD:
1. World Investment Report (WIR): The World Investment Report is an annual publication by UNCTAD that provides an in-depth analysis of global and regional trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) and offers insights into investment policies and strategies.
2. e-Commerce Index: UNCTAD has been involved in the development of the B2C (Business-to-Consumer) E-commerce Index, which assesses the readiness of countries to engage in online commerce. This index evaluates various factors, such as internet penetration and payment infrastructure. Join @cseupscnotes
3. Commodities and Development Report: This report focuses on commodities, including agricultural products and minerals, and their impact on the development prospects of countries. It examines issues related to commodity markets, prices, and their implications for sustainable development. Join @cseupscnotes
4. Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report (with UNESCAP): UNCTAD, in collaboration with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), publishes the Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report. This report addresses trade and investment issues specific to the Asia-Pacific region.
5. Digital Economy Report: The Digital Economy Report is produced by UNCTAD and focuses on the role of digital technologies in economic development. It explores topics related to e-commerce, digital trade, and the digital divide.
6. Least Developed Countries Report: UNCTAD's Least Developed Countries Report is an annual publication that provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic and social development challenges faced by the world's least developed countries (LDCs). It offers policy recommendations to support their development.
These reports and indices play a crucial role in informing policymakers, businesses, and the international community about important economic and trade-related issues. They contribute to discussions on sustainable development, trade policies, and investment strategies, among other topics.
Important Indices/Reports with UNCTAD involved
1) World Investment Report,
2) e- Commerce Index
3) Commodities and Development Report,
4) Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report (alongwith UNESCAP)
5) Digital Economy Report
6) Least developed countries Report Join @UPSCPrelimsN
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Washington Convention is on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora or CITES, aims at regulating the international trade of specimens of endangered animals and plants. India has ratified this Convention in 1976.
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Private Member's Bills :
A Member of Parliament (MP) who is not a Minister in the Union Cabinet is known as a #PrivateMember.
Bills introduced by Private Members (MPs who are NOT Cabinet Ministers) are called Private Member's Bills.
Private Member Bill (PMB) is same as that of a Government Bill. These bills can deal with any issue and can also be a Constitutional Amendment Bill. It can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
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🌀Forest Report (IFSR) 2021
▪️Key pointer about India :
▫️Total Forest Cover = 21.71%
▫️Total Forest & Tree Cover = 24.62%
▪️Largest Forest Cover ( Area wise):-
1. MP
2.Arunachal Pradesh
3.Chhattisgarh
4.Odisha
5.Maharashtra
▪️Total Forest Cover ( %age of total GA) : Top five States are
▫️Mizoram (84.53%)
▫️Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%)
▫️Meghalaya (76.00%)
▫️Manipur (74.34%)
▫️Nagaland(73.90%)
▪️Total mangrove cover- 4,992 sq km.
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Bonn Convention: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges. India is a signatory to this Convention.
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▪️Sessions of the Constituent Assembly
There were 11 sessions of the Constituent assembly.
1. First Session: 9-23 December, 1946
2. Second Session:20-25 January, 1947
3. Third Session:28 April - 2 May, 1947
4. Fourth Session:14-31 July, 1947
5. Fifth Session:14-30 August, 1947
6. Sixth Session:27 January, 1948
7. Seventh Session:4 November,1948 - 8 January, 1949
8. Eighth Session:16 May - 16 June, 1949
9. Ninth Session:30 July - 18 September, 1949
10. Tenth Session:6-17 October, 194
11. Eleventh Session: 14-26 November, 1949
The Assembly met once again on 24 January, 1950, when the
members appended their signatures to the Constitution of India @cseupscnotes
▪️ MODERN INDIA HISTORY PREVIOUS YEAR
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Best Answer Copies
Shubhankar Pratyush Pathak
AIR-11, CSE 2021
Constitution_(128th_Amendment)_Bill_2023.pdf
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Best GS Tricks for UPSC Prelims.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClQ37UtKiY5AZ4PuYBslGsg?sub_confirmation=1
UPSC Mains GS3rd Paper
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Question: Which of the following have species that can establish a symbiotic relationship
with other organisms?
1. Cnidarians
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
🔆Directive Principles Of State policy DPSP
✅ The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but
also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state.
✅These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution.
✅ Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states.
✅Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
✅ The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the
Irish Republic .
✅The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people.
✅ The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State
Policy.
✅They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles.
✅ They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’.
✅ In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them
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There are 4 types of genetic diseases
1⃣ Single Gene - Disorders caused by abnormality or mutation in the sequence of one gene.
2⃣ Multifactorial - Caused by a combination of environmental factors as well as mutations in multiple genes.
3⃣ Chromosomal - Abnormalities in chromosome structure such has missing or extra copies
4⃣ Mitochondrial - Caused by a mutation in non-chromosomal DNA of mitochondria
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Kigali Amendment related to Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layers.
It helps to reduce the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), and thus to avoid global warming by up to 0.4°C this century
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Nanotechnology
✅Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where phenomena that take place at dimensions in the nanometre scale are utilised in the design, characterisation, production and application of materials, structures, devices and systems.
✅Nanotechnology primarily refers to the use and creation of particles that are smaller than 100 nanometre.
✅The American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman introduce the concept of nanotechnology in 1959
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Dawki Or Umngot River Meghalaya
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Popularly known as Dawki river, the Umngot river in Meghalaya is undisputedly the cleanest river in Asia with its crystal clear water. It originates from the Eastern Shillong Peak, which is located 1,800 m above sea level.
The river is in the village of Mawlynnong ("God's Own Garden") in Meghalaya, close to India’s border with Bangladesh, which is touted as Asia’s Cleanest Village.
Alongside cleanliness, the village has also achieved a rare feat — a 100% literacy rate.
It acts as a natural divide between Jaintia and Khasi hills, before finally flowing into Bangladesh. @cseupscnotes
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▪️LA EX GEOGRAPHY UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR
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Shruti-Sharma-AIR - 1 2021
Polity
Science and technology
Ethics
Society
Geography
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UPSC Mains GS2nd Paper
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