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What is robotics and its laws?
🤖 Nowadays, robotics is defined as a branch of engineering that embraces conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots. Its objective is to create intelligent machines that can assist humans in a variety of ways.
The word robotics first appeared in Isaac Asimov’s science-fiction story Runaround (1942), in which this American writer also formulated the Three Laws of robotics.
1️⃣ A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2️⃣ A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3️⃣ A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.
Later, Asimov added a fourth (or more precisely a Zeroth law) one:
4️⃣ A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.
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How and when the robot word was invented?
The robot word was conceived in the beginning of 1920 by the Czech writer and playwright Karel Čapek (1855-1938) ⬆️ with the help of his brother Josef ⬆️ (an acclaimed painter, graphic artist, writer and poet), and was introduced in his drama R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), published in November, 1920.
One day, riding in an overcrowded tram in Prague, Karel imagined people not as individuals but as machines and during the journey thought about an expression which would describe a human being only able to work but not able to reason.
Discussing the issue with Josef, Karel first wanted to use the Latin word for work, labori, but found it was too literal. Therefore, Josef suggested roboti, drawn from an old Church Slavic word robota, meaning 'servitude' or 'forced labor'.
Since then, and almost immediately, the robot word has become a universal expression in most languages for artificial-intelligence machines, invented by humans.
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What are other substances needed for the body’s health?
❗️ Besides carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins, in order to be functional the human’s organism also needs water, oxygen, and fiber.
📍 Some scientists include water in the list of basic nutrients. Water makes up more than half of a human body’s weight. It is involved in most body processes, such as the regulation of temperature, the transporting of nutrients into cells, and the elimination of waste products from cells.
📍 Oxygen is not a nutrient, since it is breathed in and not eaten, but it is essential to life. It permits the release of energy from food inside the body.
📍 Fiber is indigestible material found in most plant foods. It adds bulk to the diet, helping to keep the intestines healthy. Fiber-rich foods include whole grains, dried beans, and fresh fruits and vegetables.
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What are functions of vitamins A, C, D, E, K?
📌 Vitamin A helps form and maintain healthy teeth, bones, soft tissue, mucous membranes, and skin.
📌 Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is an antioxidant that promotes healthy teeth and gums. It helps the body absorb iron, maintain healthy tissue and heal wounds.
📌 Vitamin D is also known as the "sunshine vitamin”. 10-15 minutes of sunshine 3 times a week is enough to produce the body's requirement of vitamin D for most people. It helps the body absorb calcium that we need for the normal development and maintenance of healthy teeth and bones, and maintain proper blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. Without sunshine, it is rather hard to get enough vitamin D from food sources.
📌 Vitamin E is an antioxidant also known as tocopherol. It helps the body form red blood cells and use vitamin K.
📌 Vitamin K is needed because without it, blood would not stick together. Some studies suggest that it is important for bone health.
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What are proteins and minerals?
📍 Proteins are the body’s chief tissue-builders. They help keep skin, bones, muscles, and blood healthy.
Proteins also help regulate bodily processes, including transporting oxygen and nutrients into and out of cells; the clotting of blood; and the formation of antibodies, which help fight disease.
Animal products, such as beef, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products, are high in protein. Grains, nuts, and some beans are also protein-rich foods.
ℹ️ Together with carbohydrates and fats, proteins are known as macronutrients, it means that people need these nutrients in large quantities.
📍 Compared to macronutrients, minerals are micronutrients because they are needed in very small quantities.
Minerals provide building materials for the body and help regulate its activities, much as proteins do.
Calcium and phosphorus build strong bones and teeth, iron contributes to healthy blood, and iodine helps keep the thyroid gland working.
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What are food, calories and nutrients?
🍽 Food is one of the basic necessities of life, it is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism.
🍽 Food contains nutrients, which are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues and for the regulation of vital processes. Nutrients provide the energy our bodies need to function.
🍽 A food staple is a food that makes up the dominant part of a population's diet. It varies from place to place, depending on the food sources available, is eaten regularly—even daily—and ideally should supply a major proportion of a person's energy and nutritional needs.
🍽 The energy in food is measured in units called calories.
🍽 Scientists divide nutrients into 6️⃣ major groups:
📍 carbohydrates
📍 fats
📍 proteins
📍 minerals
📍 vitamins
📍 water.
Most foods contain all or most nutrient groups, in different amounts.
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What is Gloger’s rule explanation?
Colour variation associated with Gloger’s rule is mainly due to differences in melanin pigmentation.
Melanins, the most common pigment in birds and mammals, come in two main types:
🔘 eumelanins, responsible for black and various shades of grey,
and
🟤 pheo-melanins, yielding brown, buff and rufous colours.
Mixtures of both produce intermediate shades.
Climatic variables correlate in different ways with the deposition of both melanin types. In dry and warm areas only deposition of eumelanins is reduced, while in very cold areas both types of melanins are diminished but the effect on pheomelanin is more marked. This results in pale coloration at higher latitudes where temperatures are low, darker and more intense colours in humid and warm places and pale reddish coloration in warm areas with low rainfall.
Camouflage, photoprotection, protection against parasites and pleiotropic effects have been suggested as four main causes of the rule.
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⁉️ What are the only two mammals that lay eggs?
✅ Only two kinds of egg-laying mammals are left on the planet today—the duck-billed platypus and the echidna, or spiny anteater. These odd “monotremes” once dominated Australia, until their pouch-bearing cousins, the marsupials, invaded the land down under 71 million to 54 million years ago and swept them away.
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⁉️ Why is the wedding ring worn on the ring finger?
✅ According to a tradition believed to have been derived from the Romans, the wedding ring is worn on the left hand ring finger because there was thought to be a vein in the finger, referred to as the 'Vena Amoris' or the 'Vein of Love' said to be directly connected to the heart.
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⁉️ How long can a Nile crocodile hold its breath?
✅ They normally dive for only a few minutes, but will stay underwater for up to 30 minutes if threatened, and if they remain inactive they can hold their breath for up to two hours.
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⁉️ Why are the nuclei of some atoms unstable?
✅ In some atoms the binding energy is not strong enough to hold the nucleus together, and the nuclei of these atoms are said to be unstable. Unstable atoms will lose neutrons and protons as they attempt to become stable
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What were Čapek’s robots?
In the Čapek’s drama R.U.R. robots have distinct differences from robots today.
The play describes the activities of Rossum’s Universal Robots (R.U.R.) company that makes artificial people from man-made synthetic, organic matter.
These beings were created using the latest biology, chemistry and physiology, and are meant to “lack everything but a soul”. They are more artificial biological organisms than machines.
Initially they seem happy to serve humans, but that changes with time, and at the end a hostile robots revolt points to the extinction of the human race, perhaps to be saved by a male robot and a female robot acting as Adam and Eve.
R.U.R. premiered in January 1921, and quickly became famous and influential in both Europe and North America. By 1923, it had been translated into thirty languages and was considered as one of the "classic titles" of inter-war science fiction.
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How many and what food do we need?
🔺 Age, sex, weight, height, and level of activity determine the number of calories a person needs each day. The recommended daily caloric intake for a child aged 11 to 14 can range from 1,600 to 2,600 calories per day. For adults, this can range from 1,800 to about 3,000.
🔺 A healthy diet contains a balanced mix of different foods that together provide all essential nutrients.
🔺 A food pyramid is a diagram of a healthy diet that shows the number of servings of each food group a person should eat every day.
▪️ Malnutrition is the lack of a balanced diet. Too few or too many nutrients, or an imbalance of nutrients (too many carbohydrates, for instance, and not enough fruits and vegetables) can lead to malnutrition.
▪️ Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition. Usually linked to hunger, it happens when the body does not get enough food to meet its needs. It can cause many diseases and even lead to death, which is called starvation in this context.
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What are functions of B vitamins and of two vitamin-like nutrients?
📌 Vitamin B6 is also called pyridoxine. Vitamin B6 helps form red blood cells and maintain brain function. This vitamin also plays an important role in the proteins that are part of many chemical reactions in the body. The more protein you eat the more pyridoxine your body requires.
📌 Vitamin B12, like the other B vitamins, is important for metabolism. It also helps form red blood cells and maintain the central nervous system.
📌 Biotin (B7) is essential for the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, and in the production of hormones and cholesterol.
📌 Niacin (B3) is a vitamin that helps maintain healthy skin and nerves. It also has cholesterol-lowering effects at higher doses.
📌 Folate (B9) works with vitamin B12 to help form red blood cells. It is needed for the production of DNA, which controls tissue growth and cell function. Any woman who is pregnant should be sure to get enough folate. Low levels of folate are linked to birth defects such as spina bifida. Many foods are now fortified with folate in the form of folic acid.
📌 Pantothenic acid (B5) is essential for the metabolism of food. It also plays a role in the production of hormones and cholesterol.
📌 Riboflavin (B2) works with the other B vitamins. It is important for body growth and the production of red blood cells.
📌 Thiamine (B1) helps the body cells change carbohydrates into energy. Getting enough carbohydrates is very important during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is also essential for heart function and healthy nerve cells.
ℹ️ Some vitamin-like nutrients are also needed by the body such as:
✔️ Choline that helps in normal functioning of the brain and nervous system. Lack of choline can cause swelling in liver.
✔️ Carnitine that helps the body to change fatty acids into energy.
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What are vitamins?
Vitamins are micronutrients that help the body make full use of other nutrients by assisting the chemical reactions that make those nutrients work. They are needed for normal cell function, growth, and development.
There are 1️⃣3️⃣ essential vitamins:
📌 Vitamin A
📌 Vitamin C
📌 Vitamin D
📌 Vitamin E
📌 Vitamin K
📌 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
📌 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
📌 Vitamin B3 (niacin)
📌 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
📌 Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
📌 Pantothenic acid (B5)
📌 Biotin (B7)
📌 Folate (folic acid or B9)
Vitamins are grouped into2️⃣ categories:
✔️ The four fat-soluble vitamins - A, D, E, and K – are stored in the body's liver, fatty tissue, and muscles. They are absorbed more easily by the body in the presence of dietary fat.
✔️ The nine water-soluble vitamins – C and all the B vitamins – are not stored in the body and should be consumed on a regular basis. The exception to this is vitamin B12, which can be stored in the liver for many years.
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What are carbohydrates and fats?
📍 Carbohydrates provide energy for the body. Nearly all the carbohydrates we eat come from plants.
They include starches found in cereal grains and plants like potatoes and yams.
Sugars, found in fruits, vegetables, and milk, are also carbohydrates. Sugarcane and sugar beets are grown specifically for their high sugar content.
Many of the starches and sugars we eat have been processed into products, such as flour and corn syrup. These processed carbohydrates are used in cookies, cakes, breads, pastas, and pies.
📍 Fats provide more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates. They also help protect and insulate the body and its internal organs.
Common fats include vegetable oils, such as soybean, cottonseed, and corn oil. They are used in cooking and in the processing of many foods.
Fats that come from animal products include butter and lard. Eggs, milk, cheese, meats, poultry, and fish also contain high levels of fats.
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What is the most popular food in the world nowadays?
🔻 If we are talking about food products different studies include in their top ratings such products as:
✔️ grains, including wheat, rice and corn 🌾🌽
✔️ eggs 🥚
✔️ potatoes 🥔
✔️ meat 🥩
✔️ apples 🍏🍎
🔻 If by food we mean dishes, the top of the list usually consists of:
✔️ pizza 🍕
✔️ bread, including tortillas 🍞🥖
✔️ pasta 🍝
✔️ burger 🍔
✔️ sushi 🍣
✔️ noodles 🍜
✔️ croissant 🥐
✔️ cookies 🍪
ℹ️ Recently, pizza and pasta have traditionally been put by surveys at the top of the most popular food in the world, so one can say that the 🇮🇹 Italian cuisine is the world’s most demanded culinary tradition nowadays.
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⁉️ How fast is terminal velocity of a bullet?
✅ Hatcher calculated that his .30-caliber rifle bullets reached terminal velocity—the speed at which air resistance balances the accelerating force of gravity—at 300 feet per second. You might die from a bullet moving at that speed, but it's unlikely.
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⁉️ Is Greenland larger than Australia?
✅ The Mercator projection portrays Greenland as larger than Australia; in actuality, Australia is more than three and a half times larger than Greenland. As on all map projections, shapes or sizes are distortions of the true layout of the Earth's surface. The Mercator projection exaggerates areas far from the equator.
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⁉️ What does CT stand for in medical terms?
✅ CT, or CAT as they're pronounced, stands for "computerized axial tomography." In a CT scan, the patient lies on a table that slides into a scanning machine. Inside, an x-ray beam rotates around the body while detectors measure how much of the x-rays pass through the tissues and organs, indicating density.
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⁉️ How much does the temperature change with altitude?
✅ Although the actual atmospheric lapse rate varies, under normal atmospheric conditions the average atmospheric lapse rate results in a temperature decrease of 6.4C°/km (3.5F°/1,000 ft) of altitude above ground level. The measurable lapse rate is affected by the moisture content of the air (humidity).
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