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How did the first wearable eyeglasses look like?
🤓 Most historians believe that the first form of eyeglasses was produced in Italy by monks or craftsmen around 1285-1289. These magnifying lenses for reading were shaped like two small magnifying glasses and set into bone, metal, or leather mountings that could be balanced on the bridge of nose.
🤓 The first known artistic representation of the use of eyeglasses was Tommaso da Modena's painting in 1352, depicting monks reading and writing manuscripts ⬆️. One monk uses a magnifying glass, but another wears glasses perched on his nose ⬆️.
🤓 Later, the first eyeglass frame temples were made by Spanish craftsmen in 1600s. They affixed ribbons of silk or strings to the frame and looped them over the user's ears.
🤓 The modern style of eyeglasses frame, which could be placed over the ears and nose, was invented in the 18th century in England. These early eyeglasses had glass lenses set into heavy frames of wood, lead or copper.
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Who are much more venomous than land-based snakes?
Sea snakes are far more venomous than land snakes, including the Inland Taipan.
Being underwater the venom gets diluted, so it has to be more potent.
Just 1.5 mg of venom from the hook-nosed sea snake (Enhydrina schistosa) ⬆️ is estimated to be enough to kill 22 people. This one of the most venomous snake in the world is found in the ocean off Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. They grow to mature lengths up to 1.5 meters (3-5 feet) and weigh in at up to 1.8 kg (4 pounds).
Also known as the Faint-Banded Sea Snake, the Belcher’s Sea Snake (Hydrophis belcheri) ⬆️ is also extremely venomous. According to some studies, its venom is 100 times stronger than the Inland Taipan. They can grow to lengths of up to 1 m, have a slender body with a yellow case and green crossbands and are found among the tropical reefs of the Indian Ocean.
Luckily for humans, these dangerous snakes are also found to be of a shy and timid temperament.
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What’s the difference between venom and poison?
The terms "venom" and "poison" are not interchangeable, the distinction is more about style than substance.
Venom is injected directly by an animal, whereas poison is delivered passively, such as by being touched or ingested.
Poison and venom don't always work the same way. Venom won't necessarily hurt someone unless it enters the bloodstream while some poisonous animals can cause immediate death if ingested.
❗️ Scientists proposed a third category of natural toxins: the "toxungens” that are actively sprayed or hurled toward their victim without an injection. For example, spitting cobras 🐍can spew toxins from their fangs.
If the distinctions between poisons, venoms and toxungens seem a little arbitrary, it's because they sort of are; in some languages, there is only one word for both "venom" and "poison." In Spanish, for example, both are translated as "veneno."
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What snake can kill 20 people or an elephant?
👑🐍 The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the largest and the longest venomous snake species on Earth nowadays.
Native to Asia, it can grow over 5 meters (16 feet) long.
One of the longest king cobras ever recorded was a captive snake that reached 5.71 m (18.7 feet) at London Zoo in the late 1930s.
It's an effective predator that feeds mainly on other snakes.
When threatened or on attack, king cobra rears its head and creates a hood by spreading its neck ribs.
Their venom is not the most potent among venomous snakes, but the amount of neurotoxin they can deliver in a single bite—up 500 mg—is enough to kill 20 people, or even an elephant.
It is the only snake in the world that builds nests for their eggs and protects them.
Venomous snakes usually don’t grow to be giants as they don’t need to rely on size or strength to feed. However, king cobras are an exception to the rule.
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What is the longest snake?
✅ The reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) is the longest snake in the world, regularly reaching over 6.25 metres in length. It is the longest of the 39 species in the family Pythonidae.
The longest reticulated python ever recorded was found in 1912 and measured in at a staggering 10 metres.
Reticulated pythons live in southeast Asia and while they are typically found in rainforests, woodland and grasslands, their habitat preference seems to depend on their location.
The color pattern of these snakes is a complex geometric pattern that incorporates different colors. The back typically has a series of irregular diamond shapes flanked by smaller markings with light centers.
Reticulated pythons are solitary carnivores, active mostly throughout the night. They are known to climb trees by firmly wrapping their bodies around the trunks and using muscular upward force.
The main threats to Reticulated pythons come from humans.
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What are the main differences between boas and pythons?
Classification
🐍Both being non-venomous snakes with very similar appearances to each other, boas belong to the Boidae family while pythons are members of Pythonidae family.
Habitats
🐍Pythons are distributed in Asia and Africa while boas are found both in the new world as well as in the old world.
🐍Generally pythons are considered an "old-world" species and inhabit a rather wide range of habitats, including deserts, while boas are found mainly in South America where they prefer rainforests and love tropical temperatures.
Size and body structure
🐍Generally pythons are larger and longer than boas.
🐍Boa snakes have few bones in their skulls, and they also have fewer teeth compared to pythons.
🐍Pythons have premaxilla bones with teeth on the upper jaw, which lacks in the boa snakes.
The number of bones in the head is higher in python than in boa.
Breeding
🐍Boas give birth to live young while pythons lay eggs.
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Why do magnets have north and south poles?
🧭 The most basic answer to this question lies in the behavior of electrons having a property called 'spin' which causes magnetic fields to exert a force on them.
🧭 In a magnet, the spins of the electrons line up so that the small magnetic field produced by each electron's spin adds up into a large magnetic field which can be felt by other charged particles far away. The force of a magnetic field on a particle with spin causes the particle to rotate its spin to align with the magnetic field. Hence a smaller magnet inside a large magnetic field will try to align with that larger magnetic field.
🌏 Earth has its own magnetic field that points approximately in the northern direction. The 🌍 huge magnetic field causes magnets to align north to south. That's why people named them the north and south poles.
🧭❗️ℹ️ As opposite poles attract, technically, the northern magnetic pole on Earth can be also considered a magnetic south pole.
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What are top smallest countries by area?
📌 Most of the world's smallest nations are either island States, or tiny countries landlocked in Europe.
📌 From street-sized to giant town-sized, the 13 smallest countries are all under 400 sq. km. and combined area of 3226.51 sq. km.
📌 Most of these tiniest States are dependent on tourism.
1️⃣ 🇻🇦Vatican City - 0.44 km2 (0.17 mi2)
2️⃣ 🇲🇨Monaco - 2.02 km2 (0.78 mi2)
3️⃣ 🇳🇷 Nauru - 21 km2 (8.1 mi2)
4️⃣ 🇹🇻 Tuvalu - 26 km2 (10 mi2)
5️⃣ 🇸🇲 San Marino - 61 km2 (24 mi2)
6️⃣ 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein - 160 km2 (52 mi2)
7️⃣ 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands - 181 km2 (70 mi2)
8️⃣ 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts & Nevis - 261 km2 (101 mi2)
9️⃣ 🇲🇻 Maldives - 298 km2 (115 mi2)
🔟 🇲🇹 Malta - 316 km2 (122 mi2)
1️⃣1️⃣ 🇬🇩 Grenada - 344 km2 (133 mi2)
1️⃣2️⃣ 🇻🇨 St Vincent & the Grenadines - 389 km2 (150 mi2)
1️⃣3️⃣ 🇧🇧 Barbados - 431 km2 (166 mi2)
1️⃣4️⃣ 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda - 443 km2 (171 mi2)
1️⃣5️⃣ 🇸🇨 Seychelles - 455 km2 (176 mi2)
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What is the largest country of the 10 most densely populated countries?
Of the 10 most densely populated countries, the largest one is Bangladesh 🇧🇩.
🇧🇩 Bangladesh has an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi) and is relatively small in comparison to the largest countries. It is bordered to the south by the Bay of Bengal, to the southeast by Burma, and in all other directions by India.
🇧🇩 The country is home to nearly 166 million people.
🇧🇩 Its largest city is its capital, Dhaka, with more than 14.4 million people. Other major cities are Chittagong and Khulna. Most of the population is rural rather than urban.
🇧🇩 It’s home to the world’s largest mangrove forest and to approximately 700 rivers.
🇧🇩 Bangladesh has the nickname ‘The Land of Six Seasons’ for good reason. It really does have six seasons: Summer, Monsoon, Autumn, Late Autumn, Winter and Spring. Each season has distinctive characteristics and the Bengali calendar marks each with a festival.
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What best illustrates Theory of Chaos?
🦋 Theory of chaos is best illustrated by the butterfly effect, which states that small events can have a large unpredictable influence on the future.
🦋 The butterfly effect was first named by meteorologist and mathematician Edward Lorenz (1917-2008), who was searching for ways to accurately predict the weather and found that mathematical linear models, tracing the path between a cause, A and an effect, B, did not provide accurate predictions. When he changed an initial atmospheric condition by only 0.000127, such a small, seemingly insignificant change caused a model to predict very different future weather conditions.
🦋 Lorenz likened his findings to the idea that a butterfly’s wing flapping represents the tiny change in atmospheric condition that would have the potential to alter the trajectory of a typhoon.
🦋 This metaphor allowed the concept to be taken out of purely scientific discourse and be understood by the general public.
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What are the origins of the term Domino Effect?
✔️ The domino effect (also known as the ripple effect or domino theory) is a chain reaction that occurs when one event sets off a series of similar, related, or connected events.
✔️ It is a reference to a series of standing dominoes, each of which topples the next, creating a chain reaction.
✔️ The term is often used as a metaphor for cause-and-effect relationships to describe complex situations or events, such as a natural disaster, series of accidents, or financial collapse, that typically happen within a small time frame.
ℹ️ Historically, the term stems from a falling domino theory formed by American 🇺🇸 political establishment and stating that once Communism is allowed to take over a country, other small countries around it are more likely to become Communists.
⚔️ During the 1960s, US 🇺🇸 Presidents repeatedly cited the falling domino principle to justify increasing American military involvement in the Vietnam 🇻🇳 War.
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How biology is subdivided?
🟢 Most scientists agree that biology is subdivided into 3️⃣ major branches.
✅ Botany deals with the study of plants.
✅ Zoology deals with the study of animals.
✅ Microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms.
🟠 But as biology covers a broad range of topics, many (sub)disciplines fall under its umbrella, eg:
✔️Anatomy - description of body structures of various living organisms as revealed by dissection.
✔️Astrobiology - study of the evolution of life in the universe.
✔️Biochemistry
✔️Bioengineering - application of engineering principles to biology and vice versa.
✔️Biophysics employs the principles of physics to understand how biological systems work.
✔️Biotechnology involves using biological systems to develop products.
✔️Ecology studies how organisms interact with their environment.
✔️Genetics – the study of heredity.
✔️Immunology - the study of the immune system.
✔️Physiology - the study of how living things work.
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Ecosystem vs biome: what is larger?
Ecosystems can be very small and also very large, but they are often connected in a larger areas, called biomes.
ℹ️ A biome is an area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it. Temperature, soil, and the amount of light and water help determine what life exists in a biome.
According to broad classifications of scientists there are 6️⃣ biomes:
🔺forest
🔺grassland
🔺freshwater
🔺marine
🔺desert
🔺tundra.
Some scientists also use more precise classifications and list dozens of different biomes. For example, they consider different kinds of forests to be different biomes.
Biomes are strongly influenced by climate and latitude while ecosystems are not.
✅ Most researchers agree that a biome is a larger area than an ecosystem.
❗️But some scientists consider Earth as a whole ecosystem, and in this logic “ecosystem Earth” is of course larger than multiple large biomes of our planet!
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What is the difference between astrology, astrophysics and cosmology?
🌌Astrology is the study of the connection between celestial activity phenomena and earthly events.
Unlike astronomy, astrology is not a science but a pseudoscience.
🌌Astrophysics is mostly defined as a sub-field or a branch of astronomy that applies the laws of physics to explain the birth, life, and death of objects in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies and nebulae). Interacting with objects in space is done by studying the amount of radiation they emit, and these emissions are examined by looking at properties like temperature, density, luminosity, and chemical composition.
🌌Cosmology studies the cosmos as one entity, rather than analyzing separately the stars, black holes and galaxies that fill it.
Its interdisciplinary nature explains its comparatively late start in the 1920s, shortly after Einstein developed the theory of general relativity.
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What is a genre?
📚🎭🎨🎥 Genre (from French genre 'kind, or sort') is the term for any category of literature or other forms of art or entertainment, based on some set of stylistic criteria.
🔺 Genres are formed by conventions that change over time as new subgenres are invented and the use of old ones is discontinued. Works can fit into multiple genres by borrowing and recombining these conventions.
🔸 Genre theory is a branch of critical theory.
🔹 Genre began as an absolute classification system for the ancient Greek literature.
▪️ Patterns for one genre would not be appropriate for another.
▫️Genre became a dynamic tool to help the public make sense of unpredictable art. As art is often a response to the state of society, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about, the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing discourses.
🔘 As far back as ancient Greece, new art forms were emerging that called for the evolution of genre.
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When did humans start to improve vision?
🔎 Scientists suppose that the first vision aid, called a reading stone, was invented around 1000 AD. The reading stone was a glass sphere that was laid on top of the reading material to magnify the letters.
🔎 One of the earliest historical reference to magnification dates back to ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs in the 5th century BC, which depict "simple glass meniscal lenses".
📜 The written record of magnification also dates back to the 1st century AD, when Seneca the Younger, a tutor of Emperor Nero of Rome, wrote: "Letters, however small and indistinct, are seen enlarged and more clearly through a globe or glass filled with water". Nero is also said to have watched the gladiatorial games using an emerald as a corrective lens ⬆️.
👓 According to researchers, spectacles were invented more than 1000 years ago in ancient China and were in widespread consumer use in by the Chinese Imperial family, aristocrats and rich civilians.
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Does the deadliest snake in the world have the most potent venom?
The Saw-Scaled Viper (Echis Carinatus) has the reputation of the world’s deadliest snake as it is believed to be responsible for more human fatalities than all other snakes put together.
They have a stout body with a pear-shaped head which is distinct from the neck. They can grow up to 0.9 m and come in shades of brown, grey, or orange with darker dorsal blotches and lateral spots.
They are nocturnal, feed on different small animals, move sideways (sidewinding locomotion) and can be found in arid regions north of the Equator across Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and the Middle East.
Their venom is far from being as potent as that of the most venomous land snakes. However, they are often found in populated areas where a lack of readily accessible antivenom in rural areas adds to their lethality. So, the potency of the venom has no bearing on the list of world’s deadliest snakes.
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What is the most venomous land snake?
Also known as the “fierce snake”, the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus Microlepidotus) is considered to be the world’s most venomous land snake.
It bites with only 44-110mg of venom per bite, and this is still enough to kill 2️⃣8️⃣9️⃣ humans.
Native to Australia it is one of three types of Taipans (Coastal, Inland and Central Ranges), and is dark tan in colour, ranging from a rich, dark hue to a brownish light-green, depending on the season. It is smaller than the coastal variety and can grow up to 1.7 metres in length.
These solitary snakes primarily come out during the day.
Although extremely venomous, they are usually shy and prefer to escape trouble. They will, however, defend themselves and strike if angered, mishandled or stopped from escaping.
Their venom can hinder breathing, cause haemorrhaging in blood vessels and tissues, and paralyze muscles. Respiratory paralysis can set in anywhere from two to six hours after you are bitten.
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What is the biggest known snake to have ever existed?
A snake that weighs 1.25 tons (1.13 metric tons) isn’t a fictional monster but a real creature that once slithered through the humid forests and rivers of South America.
The giant, boa constrictor-like snake, named Titanoboa cerrejonensis, was the biggest known snake to have ever existed.
Dating back 60 million years, this snake was the prehistoric grandfather of the region’s modern-day anacondas and boas.
Its roughly 250 vertebrae formed a massive 13 m (42.7-foot-long) frame that it would have nourished with crocodiles and river fish. It is estimated to have weighed 1,130 kg (2,500 pounds).
Its fossilized remains were discovered in the early 2000s in the rocks of Colombia 🇨🇴.
ℹ️ As snakes and other cold-blooded animals are limited in body size by the ambient temperature of where they live, according to researchers, this giant snake’s dimensions are a sign that temperatures along the equator were once much higher.
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What is the heaviest snake?
✅ Green anacondas (Eunectes murinus) are the heaviest snake species on Earth today, with some of them weighing up to 250 kg (550 pounds).
One of the heaviest anaconda ever recorded was 227 kilograms, 8.43 metres long, with a girth of 1.11 metres.
Females are significantly larger than males.
Green anacondas are non-venomous, solitary and found in South America.
They spend most of their time in water and their nostrils and eyes have evolved to be on top of the head, rather than to the sides, so that the snake can breathe and see prey and predators above water while its large body is kept submerged.
Anacondas belong to the Boidae family, use their bodies to constrict their prey and have a varied diet.
Although 'anaconda' is often used to refer to green anacondas, in South America there are 3️⃣ other smaller species: the Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis), dark-spotted anaconda (Eunectes deschauenseei) and the yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus).
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What is the most expensive sheep in the world?
🐏 🇸🇳 The Ladoum sheep from Senegal is considered to be the most expensive sheep in the world.
It a cross between Mauritanian touabir and Malian bali-bali varieties, and has become an important part of Senegalese culture over the past 20 years of breeding.
Known for their good looks, tall stature, prominent muzzles, and curved horns, they can weigh up to 180 kg (400 pounds) and measure 1.20 meters (4 feet) in height. Some Ladoum look more like small horses than sheep.
Beauty pageants on TV rate ladoum sheep, offering substantial prize money. The winner gets a prize of food and cash—and their sheep becomes much more valuable.
❗️Raised by a select number of breeders, the sheep are in high demand: wealthy Senegalese often pay $10,000, and sometimes significantly more, for a single animal, with records going up to $80,000.
👀 Senegal’s current president, Macky Sall, is rumoured to own several of the animals.
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Why do like poles of a magnet repel each other and unlike poles attract each other?
🧲 Every magnet has a magnetic field around it, which is represented by magnetic lines of force.
🧲 The magnetic lines of force start from the north pole and end at the south pole outside the magnet and and go from the south pole to the north pole inside the magnet.
🧲 The density of the magnetic field lines is higher near the poles where the magnetic force is stronger.
🧲 When two magnets are placed with their like poles facing each other, the lines of force are in opposite directions and hence like poles repel each other. When the unlike poles of a bar magnet face each other the magnetic lines of force are in the same direction and hence unlike poles attract each other.
🧲❗️ℹ️ Magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature. Even if we cut a magnet into two parts, the new poles will always appear in pairs. Hence we cannot separate the north and the south poles of a magnet.
What is the world’s smallest country?
Vatican City 🇻🇦is the tiniest country in the world and is just an enclave of the🇮🇹 capital city of Rome .
🇻🇦 is also the smallest monarchy in the world, with head of state, His Holiness the Pope, as well as the smallest city-state with no capital of its own.
🇻🇦Its history dates back to the 4th century when Theodosius I made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.
🇻🇦 On February 11, 1929, the Lateran Treaty was signed by Italy 🇮🇹 and the Holy See, establishing Vatican City as an independent state. Since then, it has been an independent city-state under Papal control.
🇻🇦 This landlocked country covers an area of 0.49 sq. km. with population of just over 500 and density of around 1,000 per sq. km.
🇻🇦 Vatican is the territory of the Holy See (Sancta Sedes), the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church, and the seat of the episcopal jurisdiction and the Catholic Church's central government.
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What is the smallest country of the 10 most densely populated countries?
ℹ️ The countries with the highest population density (a measurement of the average number of people who live in a given area) are also some of the world’s smallest States.
❗️ Here are the 🔟 most densely populated countries:
1️⃣ 🇲🇨Monaco - 19083.37 people per km2
2️⃣ 🇸🇬Singapore - 7953/km2
3️⃣ 🇧🇭Bahrain - 2012.1/km2
4️⃣ 🇲🇻Maldives - 1718.99/km2
5️⃣ 🇲🇹Malta - 1514.47/km2
6️⃣ 🇧🇩Bangladesh - 1239.58/km2
7️⃣ 🇵🇸Palestine - 759/km2
8️⃣ 🇱🇧Lebanon - 669.49/km2
9️⃣ 🇧🇧Barbados - 666.61/km2
🔟 🇳🇷Nauru - 635.2/km2
Monaco
🇲🇨 is not only the most densely populated country in the world but also the smallest on this list with an area of just 1.21 sq. km (0.75 sq. miles).
🇲🇨 is a tiny principality in Europe, on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, surrounded by France.
🇲🇨 has the population of nearly 39 thousand people, which makes it also one of the world’s least populous countries.
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What is Chaos Theory?
🔘 Chaos theory is a complicated mathematical theory that seeks to explain the effect of seemingly insignificant factors, chaotic or random occurrences. It is now often applied to various complex systems that could be predictable for a while and then appear to become random.
🔘 Generally understood as a state of confusion, lacking any order, in a scientific context, the word chaos has a slightly different meaning and refers to an apparent lack of order in a system that nevertheless obeys particular laws or rules. This understanding is synonymous with dynamical instability, a condition discovered by the French physicist Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) in the early 20th century that refers to an inherent lack of predictability in some physical systems.
🔘 The 2️⃣ main components of chaos theory are:
☑️ systems - no matter how complex they may be - rely upon an underlying order
☑️ very simple or small systems and events can cause very complex behaviors or events.
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How old is ecology as a science?
❇️ Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them.
❇️ Although scientists have been studying the natural world for centuries, ecology in the modern sense has only been around since the 19th century. Then, scientists began studying how plants functioned, how animals interact with other animals and plants and their effects on the habitats around them.
❇️ The term ecology was coined by the German biologist Ersnt Haeckel (1834-1919) in the late 1860sm.
❇️ The word is derived from the Greek Oikos=Home and logos=study.
❇️ In the 20th century, ecology began gaining popularity in the 1960s, when environmental issues were rising to the forefront of public awareness.
❇️ Today, ecologists study and observe all forms of life and their ecosystems throughout our 🌍. The information they gather continues to affect the future of our planet.
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Which science studies life?
ℹ️ Biology is the science that studies life – the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution of living organisms. The word "biology" is derived from the Greek words "bios" (meaning life) and "logos" (meaning "study").
Four principles unify modern biology
1️⃣ Cell theory
All living things are made of fundamental units called cells, coming from preexisting cells.
2️⃣ Gene theory
All living things have DNA.
3️⃣ Homeostasis
All living things maintain a state of balance that enables organisms to survive in their environment.
4️⃣ Evolution
All living things can change to have traits that enable them to survive better in their environments. These traits result from random mutations in the organism's genes that are "selected" via a process called natural selection during which organisms with traits better-suited for their environment have higher rates to survive and pass those traits to their offspring.
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What is the difference between ecosystem and habitat?
🟢 An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life. It contains biotic or living, parts (plants, animals, and other organisms), as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving parts (rocks, temperature, and humidity).
🟤 As well as ecosystems, habitats are parts of the environment and are defined as the areas populations of organisms live in. The habitat provides food, water and shelter for the organisms that live within it and is the real place of the ecosystem, whereas the ecosystem includes both the biotic and abiotic factors in the habitat. Habitats are the physical parts of an ecosystem.
❗️ So, an ecosystem is a broader concept that includes many biological communities in constant interaction while habitat is the limited physical environment where an individual lives, eats, reproduces, and dies.
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What are the main genres in literature?
At the most basic level, there are 3️⃣ main genres for literature - poetry, prose and drama - each can be broken down even further, resulting in dozens of subgenres.
📚🖌 Poetry
tends to be written in verses, and typically employs a rhythmic and measured approach to composition. It has melodic tone and uses creative language that is often imaginative and symbolic in nature. It is typically divided into two main subgenres, narrative and lyric, and can be fiction and non-fiction.
The word “poetry” comes from the Greek word poiesis, which essentially means making or creating, which is translated into the “making of poetry”.
📚🖌 Prose
is essentially identified as written text that aligns with the flow of conversation in the form of sentence and paragraph, as opposed to verses and stanzas in poetry, and employs common grammatical structure and a natural flow of speech.
It can be broken down into a number of subgenres including both fiction and non-fiction works. Examples of prose can range from news, biographies and essays to novels, short stories, plays and fables.
The word “prose” derives from Latin prōsa ("straightforward") from the term prōsa ōrātio ("a straightforward speech- i.e. without the ornaments of verse").
📚🖌🎭 Drama
is defined as theatrical dialogue performed on stage and traditionally is comprised of five acts. It is generally broken down into four subgenres including comedy, melodrama, tragedy and farce. In many cases, dramas will actually overlap with poetry and prose, depending on the writing style of the author.
Dramatic pieces can be written in both poetic and prose style, and can be fiction or nonfiction.
ℹ️ Some resources will cite only 2️⃣ genres: fiction and non-fiction, though many classics will argue that fiction and non-fiction can, and do, both fall under poetry, drama or prose.
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What is literature?
📕 Literature is writing that uses artistic expression and form and is considered to have merit or be important.
📗 As an artistic term, literature refers to written works, such as novels, short stories, biographies, memories, essays, and poetry. However, songs, movies, TV shows, video games, and paintings are typically not considered to be literature because the final output is not text.
📘 At the same time, literature is usually thought to only include works of art. Informative works like newspapers, scientific journals, religious texts, press releases, and spreadsheets are generally not considered to be literature.
📙 Yet in scientific study, especially anthropology or history, the word literature is used more broadly to describe everything that a specific society or group has ever written. For example, a researcher may be studying Persian, Indian, Chinese, Russian or English literature.
✍️ The word literature comes from Latin litterātūra “writing.”
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