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What is Bessemer Process and how it enabled the construction of skyscrapers?
☑️Bessemer process is a process of making steel from pig iron by burning out impurities (as carbon) by means of a blast of air forced through the hot liquid metal.
☑️It was the first inexpensive industrial process that allowed for the mass production of steel.
☑️This term bears its name from Henry Bessemer (1813-1898), an English inventor and engineer, devoted to metallurgy ⬆️.
☑️Though named after Bessemer, before it was commercialized, this process evolved from the contributions of many investigators, eg an American, William Kelly, who had also been working on a similar process for making steel.
🔘In any case, this breakthrough opened the door for builders to start making taller and taller structures.
ℹ️Modern steel is still made using technology based on Bessemer process.
ℹ️Taller buildings were also made possible through the invention of the electric elevator and lighting.
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How do we use lenses?
Concave Lens is used:
✔️ to correct myopia eye defects
✔️ to make spectacles
✔️ in peepholes in hotel room doors.
✔️ in the construction of certain types of telescopes.
Convex Lens is used:
✔️ to correct hypermetropia eye defects
✔️ in cameras and digital cameras as optical devices for producing a reduced, true, and inverted image on film.
✔️ in microscopes and telescopes
✔️ to produce a magnified image of an object.
Subtypes of convex lens are:
📌 A bi-convex lens is a basic lens that consists of two convex surfaces in a spherical form with the same radius of curvature.
📌 Plano-convex lenses are positive focal length elements that have one spherical surface and one flat surface
📌 ConConvex lenses are also known as converging lenses since the rays converge after falling on the convex lens.
Subtypes of concave lenses are:
📌 A bi-concave lens have two inward curved surfaces. These lenses have a negative focal length.
📌 A plano-concave lens is an optical lens with one concave surface and one flat surface. It has a negative focal length and can be used for light projection, beam expansion, or to increase the focal length of an optical system.
📌 A concavo-convex lens is a converging lens. This is because it is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges allowing it to converge all the light that is incident on it.
ℹ️‼️👀 The lens of our eyes is also convex. The inverted image of the item on the retina is formed by the eye lens.
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What is a brief history of sunglasses?
😎 The first sunglasses were invented sometime in 12th century China. They were a crude slab of smoked quartz that was made to block out the light from the sun. The frames were roughly shaped frame to hold them against the user's face.
😎 Around 1430 vision-correcting eyeglasses were darkened and they were introduced into Italy via the Chinese.
😎 In the 18th century, an English optician James Ayscough began experimenting with tinted lenses in spectacles but not to protect from the sun but to improve vision for those with poor or failing eye sight. He believed that by changing the color of the lenses to a blue/green tint, he could correct specific vision impairments.
😎 The modern-type sunglasses appeared in the 20th century. In 1929, a US businessman Sam Foster, put sunglasses into mass production in America.
😎 Since 1970s well-known fashion designers and movie stars escalated the sunglass craze with their brand-name lines.
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Who invented bifocals?
The first eyeglasses could only be used to rectify hyperopia or presbyopia, the eyeglasses for myopia appeared later. But there had been no single solution to help those who suffered from both types of vision impairments until 1784.
American polymath Benjamin Franklin is credited for inventing bifocals in 1784. He created them because he was tired of switching eyeglasses for far and near. Therefore, he combined the two lenses by cutting them and then combining the segments into one glass with a sharp switch between the upper and lower lenses.
In the 19th century, Louis de Wecker, a French ophthalmologist, helped to improve the original model by fusing the upper and lower sections.
Peter Williams, who invented trifocal lenses, is known for coining the term “bifocals” in 1824, although he credited Benjamin Franklin for the invention.
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When did humans start to improve vision?
🔎 Scientists suppose that the first vision aid, called a reading stone, was invented around 1000 AD. The reading stone was a glass sphere that was laid on top of the reading material to magnify the letters.
🔎 One of the earliest historical reference to magnification dates back to ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs in the 5th century BC, which depict "simple glass meniscal lenses".
📜 The written record of magnification also dates back to the 1st century AD, when Seneca the Younger, a tutor of Emperor Nero of Rome, wrote: "Letters, however small and indistinct, are seen enlarged and more clearly through a globe or glass filled with water". Nero is also said to have watched the gladiatorial games using an emerald as a corrective lens ⬆️.
👓 According to researchers, spectacles were invented more than 1000 years ago in ancient China and were in widespread consumer use in by the Chinese Imperial family, aristocrats and rich civilians.
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Does the deadliest snake in the world have the most potent venom?
The Saw-Scaled Viper (Echis Carinatus) has the reputation of the world’s deadliest snake as it is believed to be responsible for more human fatalities than all other snakes put together.
They have a stout body with a pear-shaped head which is distinct from the neck. They can grow up to 0.9 m and come in shades of brown, grey, or orange with darker dorsal blotches and lateral spots.
They are nocturnal, feed on different small animals, move sideways (sidewinding locomotion) and can be found in arid regions north of the Equator across Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and the Middle East.
Their venom is far from being as potent as that of the most venomous land snakes. However, they are often found in populated areas where a lack of readily accessible antivenom in rural areas adds to their lethality. So, the potency of the venom has no bearing on the list of world’s deadliest snakes.
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What is the most venomous land snake?
Also known as the “fierce snake”, the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus Microlepidotus) is considered to be the world’s most venomous land snake.
It bites with only 44-110mg of venom per bite, and this is still enough to kill 2️⃣8️⃣9️⃣ humans.
Native to Australia it is one of three types of Taipans (Coastal, Inland and Central Ranges), and is dark tan in colour, ranging from a rich, dark hue to a brownish light-green, depending on the season. It is smaller than the coastal variety and can grow up to 1.7 metres in length.
These solitary snakes primarily come out during the day.
Although extremely venomous, they are usually shy and prefer to escape trouble. They will, however, defend themselves and strike if angered, mishandled or stopped from escaping.
Their venom can hinder breathing, cause haemorrhaging in blood vessels and tissues, and paralyze muscles. Respiratory paralysis can set in anywhere from two to six hours after you are bitten.
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What is the biggest known snake to have ever existed?
A snake that weighs 1.25 tons (1.13 metric tons) isn’t a fictional monster but a real creature that once slithered through the humid forests and rivers of South America.
The giant, boa constrictor-like snake, named Titanoboa cerrejonensis, was the biggest known snake to have ever existed.
Dating back 60 million years, this snake was the prehistoric grandfather of the region’s modern-day anacondas and boas.
Its roughly 250 vertebrae formed a massive 13 m (42.7-foot-long) frame that it would have nourished with crocodiles and river fish. It is estimated to have weighed 1,130 kg (2,500 pounds).
Its fossilized remains were discovered in the early 2000s in the rocks of Colombia 🇨🇴.
ℹ️ As snakes and other cold-blooded animals are limited in body size by the ambient temperature of where they live, according to researchers, this giant snake’s dimensions are a sign that temperatures along the equator were once much higher.
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What is the heaviest snake?
✅ Green anacondas (Eunectes murinus) are the heaviest snake species on Earth today, with some of them weighing up to 250 kg (550 pounds).
One of the heaviest anaconda ever recorded was 227 kilograms, 8.43 metres long, with a girth of 1.11 metres.
Females are significantly larger than males.
Green anacondas are non-venomous, solitary and found in South America.
They spend most of their time in water and their nostrils and eyes have evolved to be on top of the head, rather than to the sides, so that the snake can breathe and see prey and predators above water while its large body is kept submerged.
Anacondas belong to the Boidae family, use their bodies to constrict their prey and have a varied diet.
Although 'anaconda' is often used to refer to green anacondas, in South America there are 3️⃣ other smaller species: the Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis), dark-spotted anaconda (Eunectes deschauenseei) and the yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus).
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What is the most expensive sheep in the world?
🐏 🇸🇳 The Ladoum sheep from Senegal is considered to be the most expensive sheep in the world.
It a cross between Mauritanian touabir and Malian bali-bali varieties, and has become an important part of Senegalese culture over the past 20 years of breeding.
Known for their good looks, tall stature, prominent muzzles, and curved horns, they can weigh up to 180 kg (400 pounds) and measure 1.20 meters (4 feet) in height. Some Ladoum look more like small horses than sheep.
Beauty pageants on TV rate ladoum sheep, offering substantial prize money. The winner gets a prize of food and cash—and their sheep becomes much more valuable.
❗️Raised by a select number of breeders, the sheep are in high demand: wealthy Senegalese often pay $10,000, and sometimes significantly more, for a single animal, with records going up to $80,000.
👀 Senegal’s current president, Macky Sall, is rumoured to own several of the animals.
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Why do like poles of a magnet repel each other and unlike poles attract each other?
🧲 Every magnet has a magnetic field around it, which is represented by magnetic lines of force.
🧲 The magnetic lines of force start from the north pole and end at the south pole outside the magnet and and go from the south pole to the north pole inside the magnet.
🧲 The density of the magnetic field lines is higher near the poles where the magnetic force is stronger.
🧲 When two magnets are placed with their like poles facing each other, the lines of force are in opposite directions and hence like poles repel each other. When the unlike poles of a bar magnet face each other the magnetic lines of force are in the same direction and hence unlike poles attract each other.
🧲❗️ℹ️ Magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature. Even if we cut a magnet into two parts, the new poles will always appear in pairs. Hence we cannot separate the north and the south poles of a magnet.
What is the world’s smallest country?
Vatican City 🇻🇦is the tiniest country in the world and is just an enclave of the🇮🇹 capital city of Rome .
🇻🇦 is also the smallest monarchy in the world, with head of state, His Holiness the Pope, as well as the smallest city-state with no capital of its own.
🇻🇦Its history dates back to the 4th century when Theodosius I made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.
🇻🇦 On February 11, 1929, the Lateran Treaty was signed by Italy 🇮🇹 and the Holy See, establishing Vatican City as an independent state. Since then, it has been an independent city-state under Papal control.
🇻🇦 This landlocked country covers an area of 0.49 sq. km. with population of just over 500 and density of around 1,000 per sq. km.
🇻🇦 Vatican is the territory of the Holy See (Sancta Sedes), the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church, and the seat of the episcopal jurisdiction and the Catholic Church's central government.
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What is the smallest country of the 10 most densely populated countries?
ℹ️ The countries with the highest population density (a measurement of the average number of people who live in a given area) are also some of the world’s smallest States.
❗️ Here are the 🔟 most densely populated countries:
1️⃣ 🇲🇨Monaco - 19083.37 people per km2
2️⃣ 🇸🇬Singapore - 7953/km2
3️⃣ 🇧🇭Bahrain - 2012.1/km2
4️⃣ 🇲🇻Maldives - 1718.99/km2
5️⃣ 🇲🇹Malta - 1514.47/km2
6️⃣ 🇧🇩Bangladesh - 1239.58/km2
7️⃣ 🇵🇸Palestine - 759/km2
8️⃣ 🇱🇧Lebanon - 669.49/km2
9️⃣ 🇧🇧Barbados - 666.61/km2
🔟 🇳🇷Nauru - 635.2/km2
Monaco
🇲🇨 is not only the most densely populated country in the world but also the smallest on this list with an area of just 1.21 sq. km (0.75 sq. miles).
🇲🇨 is a tiny principality in Europe, on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, surrounded by France.
🇲🇨 has the population of nearly 39 thousand people, which makes it also one of the world’s least populous countries.
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What is Chaos Theory?
🔘 Chaos theory is a complicated mathematical theory that seeks to explain the effect of seemingly insignificant factors, chaotic or random occurrences. It is now often applied to various complex systems that could be predictable for a while and then appear to become random.
🔘 Generally understood as a state of confusion, lacking any order, in a scientific context, the word chaos has a slightly different meaning and refers to an apparent lack of order in a system that nevertheless obeys particular laws or rules. This understanding is synonymous with dynamical instability, a condition discovered by the French physicist Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) in the early 20th century that refers to an inherent lack of predictability in some physical systems.
🔘 The 2️⃣ main components of chaos theory are:
☑️ systems - no matter how complex they may be - rely upon an underlying order
☑️ very simple or small systems and events can cause very complex behaviors or events.
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How old is ecology as a science?
❇️ Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them.
❇️ Although scientists have been studying the natural world for centuries, ecology in the modern sense has only been around since the 19th century. Then, scientists began studying how plants functioned, how animals interact with other animals and plants and their effects on the habitats around them.
❇️ The term ecology was coined by the German biologist Ersnt Haeckel (1834-1919) in the late 1860sm.
❇️ The word is derived from the Greek Oikos=Home and logos=study.
❇️ In the 20th century, ecology began gaining popularity in the 1960s, when environmental issues were rising to the forefront of public awareness.
❇️ Today, ecologists study and observe all forms of life and their ecosystems throughout our 🌍. The information they gather continues to affect the future of our planet.
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What is a skyscraper?
🏙 Currently, a skyscraper refers to a tall habitable building with iron or steel frameworks over 100 m.
🌇 The first modern skyscraper was created in 1885—the 10-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago ⬆️.
📌 Before the word skyscraper described enormous buildings, it was used to describe anything that “stood out”, was tall - a tall man, a high-standing horse, a sky-sail, etc.
📌 Pointed out by skyscraper researchers, the Italian word ‘grattacielo’ means scraping the sky. It was in use since the early 13th century, and described a tall man.
📌 The word scraper dates back to the Old Norse word ‘skrapa’, which means to erase. Today, it means to use a tool to apply pressure to something. A skyscraper essentially erases the sky by sticking out and blocking it.
📌 Sources for the first usage of the word skyscraper are unclear. One of the oldest confirmed references in print was in American newspapers in the late 19th.
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What is a lens and its types?
ℹ️ A lens is a piece of transparent material that is shaped to bend light rays in a specific way as they pass through it, whether that means causing the rays to converge to or diverge from a specific point.
The word “lens” derives from the Latin word “lentil,” owing to the shape similarities between a converging lens and a legume.
The 2️⃣ types of lenses are:
📍concave lenses with following features
🔎The light is spread out by a diverging lens.
🔎Thinner in the centre than at the edges.
🔎The image is on one side of the lens, while the object is on the other.
🔎The focal length is positive.
🔎The image will be erect, virtual, and diminished.
and
📍convex lenses with following features
🔍The refracted rays are converged by a converging lens.
🔍Thicker in the centre than at the edges.
🔍The object and the image are both on the same side of the lens.
🔍The focal length is negative.
🔍The resultant image will be both real and inverted.
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How progressive lenses were invented ?
The first patent for a design of progressive addition lenses (PAL) was obtained by Owen Aves in England in 1907. However, because of the limitations in manufacturing in those times, he was never able to produce and commercialize such lenses.
In the first half of the 20th century some other designs for progressive lens were patented but never successfully commercialized.
👓 ❗️The first progressive with a modern design was patented by Bernard Maitenaz ⬆️ of France, in 1953.
The progressive lens has been evolving since then, with the help of manufacturers to improve usability and distortion-free viewing.
ℹ️ Progressive lenses are a giant leap in lens technology since they allow the wearer the ability to see distance, intermediate, and near fields all in one set of eyewear. This is especially helpful for viewing digital devices since they reside in the intermediate range, which distance and bifocal eyeglasses cannot reach ⬆️.
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How did the first wearable eyeglasses look like?
🤓 Most historians believe that the first form of eyeglasses was produced in Italy by monks or craftsmen around 1285-1289. These magnifying lenses for reading were shaped like two small magnifying glasses and set into bone, metal, or leather mountings that could be balanced on the bridge of nose.
🤓 The first known artistic representation of the use of eyeglasses was Tommaso da Modena's painting in 1352, depicting monks reading and writing manuscripts ⬆️. One monk uses a magnifying glass, but another wears glasses perched on his nose ⬆️.
🤓 Later, the first eyeglass frame temples were made by Spanish craftsmen in 1600s. They affixed ribbons of silk or strings to the frame and looped them over the user's ears.
🤓 The modern style of eyeglasses frame, which could be placed over the ears and nose, was invented in the 18th century in England. These early eyeglasses had glass lenses set into heavy frames of wood, lead or copper.
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Who are much more venomous than land-based snakes?
Sea snakes are far more venomous than land snakes, including the Inland Taipan.
Being underwater the venom gets diluted, so it has to be more potent.
Just 1.5 mg of venom from the hook-nosed sea snake (Enhydrina schistosa) ⬆️ is estimated to be enough to kill 22 people. This one of the most venomous snake in the world is found in the ocean off Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. They grow to mature lengths up to 1.5 meters (3-5 feet) and weigh in at up to 1.8 kg (4 pounds).
Also known as the Faint-Banded Sea Snake, the Belcher’s Sea Snake (Hydrophis belcheri) ⬆️ is also extremely venomous. According to some studies, its venom is 100 times stronger than the Inland Taipan. They can grow to lengths of up to 1 m, have a slender body with a yellow case and green crossbands and are found among the tropical reefs of the Indian Ocean.
Luckily for humans, these dangerous snakes are also found to be of a shy and timid temperament.
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What’s the difference between venom and poison?
The terms "venom" and "poison" are not interchangeable, the distinction is more about style than substance.
Venom is injected directly by an animal, whereas poison is delivered passively, such as by being touched or ingested.
Poison and venom don't always work the same way. Venom won't necessarily hurt someone unless it enters the bloodstream while some poisonous animals can cause immediate death if ingested.
❗️ Scientists proposed a third category of natural toxins: the "toxungens” that are actively sprayed or hurled toward their victim without an injection. For example, spitting cobras 🐍can spew toxins from their fangs.
If the distinctions between poisons, venoms and toxungens seem a little arbitrary, it's because they sort of are; in some languages, there is only one word for both "venom" and "poison." In Spanish, for example, both are translated as "veneno."
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What snake can kill 20 people or an elephant?
👑🐍 The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the largest and the longest venomous snake species on Earth nowadays.
Native to Asia, it can grow over 5 meters (16 feet) long.
One of the longest king cobras ever recorded was a captive snake that reached 5.71 m (18.7 feet) at London Zoo in the late 1930s.
It's an effective predator that feeds mainly on other snakes.
When threatened or on attack, king cobra rears its head and creates a hood by spreading its neck ribs.
Their venom is not the most potent among venomous snakes, but the amount of neurotoxin they can deliver in a single bite—up 500 mg—is enough to kill 20 people, or even an elephant.
It is the only snake in the world that builds nests for their eggs and protects them.
Venomous snakes usually don’t grow to be giants as they don’t need to rely on size or strength to feed. However, king cobras are an exception to the rule.
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What is the longest snake?
✅ The reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) is the longest snake in the world, regularly reaching over 6.25 metres in length. It is the longest of the 39 species in the family Pythonidae.
The longest reticulated python ever recorded was found in 1912 and measured in at a staggering 10 metres.
Reticulated pythons live in southeast Asia and while they are typically found in rainforests, woodland and grasslands, their habitat preference seems to depend on their location.
The color pattern of these snakes is a complex geometric pattern that incorporates different colors. The back typically has a series of irregular diamond shapes flanked by smaller markings with light centers.
Reticulated pythons are solitary carnivores, active mostly throughout the night. They are known to climb trees by firmly wrapping their bodies around the trunks and using muscular upward force.
The main threats to Reticulated pythons come from humans.
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What are the main differences between boas and pythons?
Classification
🐍Both being non-venomous snakes with very similar appearances to each other, boas belong to the Boidae family while pythons are members of Pythonidae family.
Habitats
🐍Pythons are distributed in Asia and Africa while boas are found both in the new world as well as in the old world.
🐍Generally pythons are considered an "old-world" species and inhabit a rather wide range of habitats, including deserts, while boas are found mainly in South America where they prefer rainforests and love tropical temperatures.
Size and body structure
🐍Generally pythons are larger and longer than boas.
🐍Boa snakes have few bones in their skulls, and they also have fewer teeth compared to pythons.
🐍Pythons have premaxilla bones with teeth on the upper jaw, which lacks in the boa snakes.
The number of bones in the head is higher in python than in boa.
Breeding
🐍Boas give birth to live young while pythons lay eggs.
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Why do magnets have north and south poles?
🧭 The most basic answer to this question lies in the behavior of electrons having a property called 'spin' which causes magnetic fields to exert a force on them.
🧭 In a magnet, the spins of the electrons line up so that the small magnetic field produced by each electron's spin adds up into a large magnetic field which can be felt by other charged particles far away. The force of a magnetic field on a particle with spin causes the particle to rotate its spin to align with the magnetic field. Hence a smaller magnet inside a large magnetic field will try to align with that larger magnetic field.
🌏 Earth has its own magnetic field that points approximately in the northern direction. The 🌍 huge magnetic field causes magnets to align north to south. That's why people named them the north and south poles.
🧭❗️ℹ️ As opposite poles attract, technically, the northern magnetic pole on Earth can be also considered a magnetic south pole.
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What are top smallest countries by area?
📌 Most of the world's smallest nations are either island States, or tiny countries landlocked in Europe.
📌 From street-sized to giant town-sized, the 13 smallest countries are all under 400 sq. km. and combined area of 3226.51 sq. km.
📌 Most of these tiniest States are dependent on tourism.
1️⃣ 🇻🇦Vatican City - 0.44 km2 (0.17 mi2)
2️⃣ 🇲🇨Monaco - 2.02 km2 (0.78 mi2)
3️⃣ 🇳🇷 Nauru - 21 km2 (8.1 mi2)
4️⃣ 🇹🇻 Tuvalu - 26 km2 (10 mi2)
5️⃣ 🇸🇲 San Marino - 61 km2 (24 mi2)
6️⃣ 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein - 160 km2 (52 mi2)
7️⃣ 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands - 181 km2 (70 mi2)
8️⃣ 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts & Nevis - 261 km2 (101 mi2)
9️⃣ 🇲🇻 Maldives - 298 km2 (115 mi2)
🔟 🇲🇹 Malta - 316 km2 (122 mi2)
1️⃣1️⃣ 🇬🇩 Grenada - 344 km2 (133 mi2)
1️⃣2️⃣ 🇻🇨 St Vincent & the Grenadines - 389 km2 (150 mi2)
1️⃣3️⃣ 🇧🇧 Barbados - 431 km2 (166 mi2)
1️⃣4️⃣ 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda - 443 km2 (171 mi2)
1️⃣5️⃣ 🇸🇨 Seychelles - 455 km2 (176 mi2)
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What is the largest country of the 10 most densely populated countries?
Of the 10 most densely populated countries, the largest one is Bangladesh 🇧🇩.
🇧🇩 Bangladesh has an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi) and is relatively small in comparison to the largest countries. It is bordered to the south by the Bay of Bengal, to the southeast by Burma, and in all other directions by India.
🇧🇩 The country is home to nearly 166 million people.
🇧🇩 Its largest city is its capital, Dhaka, with more than 14.4 million people. Other major cities are Chittagong and Khulna. Most of the population is rural rather than urban.
🇧🇩 It’s home to the world’s largest mangrove forest and to approximately 700 rivers.
🇧🇩 Bangladesh has the nickname ‘The Land of Six Seasons’ for good reason. It really does have six seasons: Summer, Monsoon, Autumn, Late Autumn, Winter and Spring. Each season has distinctive characteristics and the Bengali calendar marks each with a festival.
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What best illustrates Theory of Chaos?
🦋 Theory of chaos is best illustrated by the butterfly effect, which states that small events can have a large unpredictable influence on the future.
🦋 The butterfly effect was first named by meteorologist and mathematician Edward Lorenz (1917-2008), who was searching for ways to accurately predict the weather and found that mathematical linear models, tracing the path between a cause, A and an effect, B, did not provide accurate predictions. When he changed an initial atmospheric condition by only 0.000127, such a small, seemingly insignificant change caused a model to predict very different future weather conditions.
🦋 Lorenz likened his findings to the idea that a butterfly’s wing flapping represents the tiny change in atmospheric condition that would have the potential to alter the trajectory of a typhoon.
🦋 This metaphor allowed the concept to be taken out of purely scientific discourse and be understood by the general public.
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What are the origins of the term Domino Effect?
✔️ The domino effect (also known as the ripple effect or domino theory) is a chain reaction that occurs when one event sets off a series of similar, related, or connected events.
✔️ It is a reference to a series of standing dominoes, each of which topples the next, creating a chain reaction.
✔️ The term is often used as a metaphor for cause-and-effect relationships to describe complex situations or events, such as a natural disaster, series of accidents, or financial collapse, that typically happen within a small time frame.
ℹ️ Historically, the term stems from a falling domino theory formed by American 🇺🇸 political establishment and stating that once Communism is allowed to take over a country, other small countries around it are more likely to become Communists.
⚔️ During the 1960s, US 🇺🇸 Presidents repeatedly cited the falling domino principle to justify increasing American military involvement in the Vietnam 🇻🇳 War.
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How biology is subdivided?
🟢 Most scientists agree that biology is subdivided into 3️⃣ major branches.
✅ Botany deals with the study of plants.
✅ Zoology deals with the study of animals.
✅ Microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms.
🟠 But as biology covers a broad range of topics, many (sub)disciplines fall under its umbrella, eg:
✔️Anatomy - description of body structures of various living organisms as revealed by dissection.
✔️Astrobiology - study of the evolution of life in the universe.
✔️Biochemistry
✔️Bioengineering - application of engineering principles to biology and vice versa.
✔️Biophysics employs the principles of physics to understand how biological systems work.
✔️Biotechnology involves using biological systems to develop products.
✔️Ecology studies how organisms interact with their environment.
✔️Genetics – the study of heredity.
✔️Immunology - the study of the immune system.
✔️Physiology - the study of how living things work.
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